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Pacific Islands Monthly

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Pacific Islands Monthly

INSIDE • THE VIEW FROM RAROTONGA W. G. Coppell interviews the new Cook Islands Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry, whose relaxed and open-minded attitudes appear to augur well for the future of his country 9 • FUTURE OF NEW CALEDONIA Alain Rollat of Le Monde gives a metropolitan Frenchman’s view of the situation in the troubled South Pacific territory, and Helen Fraser describes the attitudes of the various new Caledonian political groups as they prepared to fly off for the July “round-table” talks in Paris 15, 43 • MICRONESIA Floyd K. Takeuchi describes the affirmative June vote in the Federal States of Micronesia regarding the Compact of Free Association, and latest moves in negotiations between the U.S. and the republics of Marshall Islands and Palau 23 • SEVENTH SOUTH PACIFIC GAMES Western Samoan journalist Sano Malifa, in his first offering in a regular column on Samoan affairs, describes how his country is preparing for the September Games, and how it hopes to benefit from them 27 • WEATHER OF ’B3 “We’re facing the unknown,” says a U.S. climatologist, as he surveys the extraordinary meteorological phenomena of 1983 so far 29 • MORUROA Marie-Therese and Bengt Danielsson take up arms against French Government arguments in defence of the French nuclear testing program, and in so doing generate both heat and light 33 • RETURN OF THE RENEGADE In Papua New Guinea the controversial lambakey Okuk, who had set his sights on being prime minister but who lost his seat in parliament, has returned after winning a by-election 44 Books 51 Cook Islands 9 Deaths 73 Exploration 51 Fiji 47, 59 France in the Pacific 33 French Polynesia 18 Islands press 45 Kiribati 61 Letters n 7 Malaysian Pacific trade 63 Micronesia 23, 31, 53 New Caledonia 15, 43 Pacific Report 5 Palau 7 Papua New Guinea 41, 44 People 47 Political Currents 43 Shipping Services 71 Solomon Islands 37 South Pacific Games 27 Tradewinds 59 The Month 15 Tokelau 47 Tropicalities 37 U.S. in the Pacific 23 USSR in the Pacific 25 Vanuatu 8,21,41 Weather Patterns 29 Western Samoa 27, 55 Yachts 69 Yesterday 55 Founded 1930 by R. W. Robson Editor Angus Smales Associate Editor Malcolm Salmon Advertising Manager Stephen Brandon Editorial Adviser John Carter A Pacific Publications production 76 Clarence Street, Sydney, 2000, GPO Box 3408, Sydney, 2001.

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Pacific Report

U.S. Senate Gives Nod To Island Treaties

After two years in which it could not make up its mind, the U.S.

Senate on June 21 finally ratified four treaties of friendship with Kiribati, Tuvalu, Cook Islands and Tokelau, which is administered by New Zealand. Ratification means that the U.S. gives up century-old claims to 26 islands in the groups concerned. New Zealand also gives up a claim, on behalf of Tokelau, to Swain’s Island, administered by the U.S. as part of American Samoa since 1925. The treaties establish maritime boundaries and provide for consultation on fishing rights, and military use of islands in the Kiribati and Tuvalu groups. The Senate vote was 94-4, with two abstentions. Diehard opponents of the treaties used arguments such as that of Republican Steven Simms who said: “I do not believe in giving away territory for which American blood was spilled.”

Paris Talks On New Caledonia’S Future

Members of New Caledonia’s three main political groups left Noumea for Paris on July 6, to take part in round-table discussions with President Mitterrand’s government on the political future of the territory. The French Government invited 20 New Caledonian political leaders to Paris for the five-day round of talks on a statute of internal autonomy. Delegates are from the Independence Front, which favors early independence, the Republican Party, which is against independence, and the Centre Party, the F.N.S.C. A spokesman for the F.N.S.C. told newsmen at Noumea airport that his delegation was not going to Paris to talk about independence, but in a spirit of dialogue and consultation. A spokesman for the Republican Party delegation, Dick Ukeiwe, said the position of his party would be determined by what is proposed during the talks, but it would expect elections to be held before a statute of autonomy was applied.

Vanuaaku Party Congress Heals Wounds

The keenly awaited congress of Vanuatu’s ruling Vanuaaku Party held in June patched up the recent disputes within the party which led to a parliamentary motion of no confidence being moved against Prime Minister Walter Lini, in April. The move followed Father Lini’s dismissal of his deputy prime minister and the resignation in protest of two other ministers. The motion failed, but under party rules those who supported it were disqualified from the party. The Vanuaaku Party congress reelected Father Lini as party president, and unanimously accepted the three former ministers back into the party. In November, Vanuatu will hold its first elections since independence in 1980 The Vanuaaku Party holds two-thirds of the 39 seats in the present parliament.

Australia’S New Move Against N-Tests?

Australia has appointed its first ambassador for disarmament.

The appointment is seen as a signal that the Labor Government plans to take the lead in trying to force an end to France’s nuclear testing program in the South Pacific. A strong strengthening of the country’s Department of Foreign Affairs is planned to deal with issues of nuclear disarmament and arms control. The initiatives were detailed by the Foreign Minister, Bill Hayden, in a major statement in Adelaide in early July. The new ambassador is Richard Butler, Australia’s deputy permanent representative at the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development in Paris. Mr Butler, has specialised in nuclear matters for several years. Mr Hayden announced efforts towards a comprehensive treaty banning nuclear tests which he said would put heavy pressure on France to cease its Pacific testing program. The Foreign Minister added that such a treaty would have to be independently verified, and the Australian Government would be improving the country’s seismic monitoring capacity to detect nuclear blasts.

U.S. Sponsors Tsunami Warning Project

The U.S. Agency for International Development (AID) is sponsonng a pilot study of methods used to warn coastal residents in South Pacific countries of impending seismic-triggered tidal waves (tsunamis). The study will be conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on a budget of about $U.5.250,000. A spokesman for the project said the new system will provide warnings of tidal waves only 10 minutes after an undersea earthquake. It is estimated that more than 70,000 people have been killed by tidal waves in the Pacific Basin over the past century.

Png Still Eyes Asean

Papua New Guinea is planning higher levels of co-operation with the Association of South East Asian Nations, but has not decided whether it will join the association. PNG Foreign Minister Rabbie Namaliu said in June his country still regarded itself as a Pacific nation, and would not be hasty about joining ASEAN, with which at present PNG has observer status. Mr Namaliu said he had instructed his department to make an assessment of the advantages of PNG joining ASEAN, and to report by the end of the year. Mr Namaliu added that his country faced financial and staffing restraints in expanding its foreign relations. Members of ASEAN are Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines.

New Ocean Minerals Search Planned

The United States, Australia and New Zealand have agreed in principle to finance a second scientific cruise of the South Pacific, it will be a follow-up to 1982 studies carried out by two American research vessels searching for mineral resources in offshore areas. Six regional governments Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa are involved in the projected cruise, which is likely to begin in October. It is expected to cover two areas Kiribati and Cook Islands not studied last time.

Telecommunications On Forum Agenda

Proposals to develop reliable telecommunications among South Pacific Island nations are to be discussed at the meeting of the South Pacific Forum in Canberra in late August. The ministers have stated that without reliable communications it is difficult to plan effective development and to ensure the growth of trade. A 1981 report on the subject recommends a balance of satellite and land telecommunications on a country-by-country basis, but it calls for overall co-ordination.

Fiji: Mara Warns On ’B4

Fiji’s Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara said in June that 1984 is shaping up as the most difficult year the country has faced since independence in 1970. He said recent cyclones had caused considerable damage to a number of vital sectors of Fiji’s economy. In such circumstances this year’s agreement on national wage guidelines, giving workers an average pay rise of five per cent, was fair and reasonable. Ratu Mara was speaking in Suva at the formal signing of the agreement.

Fsm, Marshalls, Palau Latest

Voters in the Federated States of Micronesia have supported the proposed Compact of Free Association, with the U.S.

Meanwhile, progress has been made in negotiations between the U.S. and Marshall Islands and Palau. (See Floyd K.

Takeuchi’s column in “The Month”.)

France S Fourth Moruroa Blast For ’B3

France’s fourth nuclear test at Moruroa this year, staged on July 5, came only days after Regis Debray, President Mitterrand’s special envoy, had completed visits to Fiji, Vanuatu, New Zealand, Australia and Papua New Guinea. Mr Debray had invited all governments to send a scientific representative to Moruroa for a one-off inspection visit to Moruroa later in the year. In a statement in late June, French Defence Minister Charles Hernu confirmed that France had tested the neutron bomb at Moruroa, but had not yet made a decision to produce it. (See the critique by Marie-Therese and Bengt Danielsson of France’s official defence of its Moruroa testing program in this issue.)

“Neo-Colonialist” Australia Rapped

Vanuatu’s Opposition Union of Moderate Parties (UMP) has claimed the country is becoming increasingly controlled by Australia. In a statement issued in June which describes Australia’s influence in Vanuatu as “neo-colonialist”, the UMP claims the country is losing its freedom. Quoting Papua New Guinea as an example of a country which is suffering as a result 5 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

of its close relations with Australia, the group says it “cannot accept” Australian influence in the South Pacific, and does not want to see Australia supplying all the region’s financial and technical needs. Referring to New Caledonia, the UMP, which consists mainly of French-speaking Ni-Vanuatu, says it does not want Vanuatu to become a tool of Australia in getting France out of the Pacific. However, the statement supports independence for all Pacific countries, and calls on France to begin moving towards a peaceful independence in New Caledonia.

Solomons: Solomon The Survivor

Solomon Islands Prime Minister Solomon Mamaloni survived a no-confidence motion in parliament on June 23. After nine hours debate, the motion’s sponsor, Peter Salaka, MP for Shortland Islands, finally withdrew it, saying that while he considered himself the best alternative to Mr Mamaloni as prime minister, he had observed that other political parties were lining up their candidates for the post. “So why the hell should I move it if I couldn’t be prime minister?” he said. “I withdraw the motion.”

Earlier in June, Mr Mamolni had sacked his third minister in a month Paul Keyaumi, who had held the portfolio of police and justice. The victims of previous sackings had been (PIM Jul. p. 33) Peter Salaka (lands, energy and natural resources), and John Ngina (transport, communications and government utilities).

Lone Pacific Rower Makes It Just

Solo Pacific rower Peter Bird ended his 16,000-kilometre, 294day, journey in mid-June when he was taken on board an Australian navy patrol boat 33 nautical miles from the north Queensland coast. An Australian naval spokesman said Mr Bird’s 12-metre craft, Hele on Britannia, broke up shortly after it was taken in tow. He said the boat was being swept towards a reef by strong winds and heavy seas, and Mr Bird was forced to ask for help. Mr Bird began his voyage from San Francisco in August 1982.

Trachoma On Wane In Fiji

There has been a drop in the prevalence of the eye infection, trachoma, in Fiji. A survey by a World Health Organisation consultant has shown that trachoma occurred in about six per cent of Fijians, and that just under one per cent of the Indian community was affected. The figures were given by Minister of Health Dr Apenisa Kurisaqila, when he opened a conference of the Australian Optometrical Association held in Fiji in July. Dr Kurisaqila said the drop has been brought about by Fiji’s improved health and socio-economic standards.

New Australia-Noumea Flights Approved

Agreement has been reached between the Australian and French Governments on the introduction of new air services between Australia and New Caledonia. Australia’s Minister for Aviation Kim Beazley said in June that Qantas and the new regional airline Air Caledonie International would introduce services between Melbourne and Noumea before the end of the year. Mr Beazley said the services would make New Caledonia more accessible to travellers from Victoria and Australia’s other southern states. He said Air Caledonie International would introduce services between Brisbane and Noumea.

Talair Takes On Govt. On Fares

Papua New Guinea’s biggest third-level airline Talair is mounting a legal challenge to a bid by the government to make it reduce its fares. Earlier, the PNG Government had ordered the national airline Air Niugini to reduce fares on its domestic services by 10 per cent by June 1. The instruction was then extended to other, privately operated, carriers. Talair is challenging the legality of the government’s action.

Solomons: Baddeley, Easily

Governor-General Sir Baddeley Devesi of Solomon Islands was easily re-elected in June for another five-year term. Parliament voted 22 to 12 in his favor over a former public servant and politician, Sir Gideon Zoloveke. Interest in the election waned when Opposition Leader and former Prime Minister Sir Peter Kenilorea withdrew his nomination the day before the vote.

Png Government Doctors, Lawyers Strike

Government doctors and lawyers in Papua New Guinea took separate strike actions in June in support of a demand for pay and conditions equal to those enjoyed by expatriates practising their respective professions in the country. PNG’s Cabinet undertook to speed up examination of a proposal for a onewage professional wage structure.

Adb Studies Its Role In Islands Aid

The Asian Development Bank plans an in-depth study of its role in meeting the needs of its South Pacific developing member countries (SPDMCs) in the 1980 s. The bank’s future operations in the islands will be guided by the recommendations of the members of the study team in close consultation with the SPDMC governments and donor agencies. Over the last 16 years to the end of 1982, the bank made loans to its eight SPDMCs, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu and Western Samoa, totalling SUS 244 million and technical assistance valued at $8.6 million.

Png Renames Radio Networks

Papua New Guinea’s national radio has renamed its three networks. The changes were announced on July 7 by the chairman of Papua New Guinea’s National Broadcasting Commission, Austin Sapias. Radio One, the national medium wave service, will be named the Karai service. Karai is the Motu name for “cockatoo”, one of the few birds in PNG that can be taught to speak. This capacity for learning represents the educational services provided on the first national network. Radio Two, the FM service broadcasting in the major cities and towns, is to be known as the Kalang service. Kalang is a Pidgin word, originally from Tolai, meaning the gold-lipped pearlshell or an earring, or the long feather of a bird. These are all highly prized objects, and Kalang reflects the commercial nature of the second national network. The former Radio Three service, comprising 19 provincial stations and broadcasting mostly on short wave, becomes the Kundu service. Kundu is the Pidgin word for a type of ceremonial drum, and so emphasises the NBC’s link with the rural populations through its third network.

Scientific Commission Reports On Moruroa

The report of a scientific commission appointed by the French Government concluded in early July that radio-active contamination from underground nuclear tests at Moruroa Atoll in the Pacific has been practically zero. The commission was headed by Haroun Tazieff, one of the world’s leading experts on volcanoes. The French press agency AFP said Mr Tazieff wrote that the main danger from the blasts was that the shocks could cause tidal waves, but added that the danger was very local.

The agency said the report does not exclude the possibility that radio-activity might partially escape from the cavity caused by an underground nuclear explosion. It also concedes that the tests have caused earth slips and sedimentation which could have resulted in changes in the geological make-up of the atoll, such as the opening and closing of cracks in the earth. The commission suggests various ways of improving the quality of radio-activity controls and more routine analysis of seawater at different depths in the lagoon and around the atoll. The report, handed on July 5 to Defence Minister Charles Hernu, adds that official announcements of each test, and the publication of unimpeachable scientific findings on their effects, are both desirable

Stinson Resigns From Fiji Ministry

Fiji’s Minister for Energy Peter Stinson resigned in early July and was replaced by a Minister of State Without Portfolio, Jone Naisara. Mr Stinson’s resignation was announced by Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara. The prime minister said Mr Stinson had resigned to concentrate on his business activities.

His family business, Stinson Pearce, is among the biggest in Fiji.

However, political observers in Suva said Mr Stinson had been having differences with other cabinet ministers.

Western Samoa’S Vital’ Legislation

The Legislative Assembly in Western Samoa met in June to consider a number of bills described as “vital for the social and cultural well-being” of the country by Prime Minister Tofilau Etii.

The Western Samoan leader said a bill to increase the authority of the village chiefs is particularly important as it will directly involve them in basic administrative decision-making at the village and district level. Other bills considered include measures to speed up the hearing of cases in Land and Titles Court, allowing bingo games on Saturday afternoons, and fortnightly pay for parliamentarians. 6 h PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

LETTERS Margaret Mead and PNG I read with the greatest interest Albert Wendt’s review of Professor Derek Freeman’s Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth. It is a relief that Professor Freeman, a non- Samoan, has been so accurate, Wendt (one of the “objects” studied and written about) agrees, about what the real Samoa is all about. He should be, after all he studied the Samoans for some 40 years, as against Mead’s nine months. Yet, Mead is the myth around the world. Through Mead’s writings, real Samoa is, unfortunately, portrayed wrongly. It is time her fame is challenged and questioned from all sides. Thanks to both Wendt and Freeman the record is now beginning to be put right.

Now that Mead’s credibility is being challenged, it is an opportune time for someone to do the same for her “fictitious” writings about my country, Papua New Guinea. Although I am not an anthropologist, I challenge the late Mead’s Growing Up In PNG, New Lives For Old: Cultural Transformation Manus, 1928-1953, The Mountain Arapesh and Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies.

What do foreigners, like Mead, know about our own people, culture and ways of life? The ones qualified to write anthropological books about us are ourselves.

When I was PNG’s ambassador to the USA in the 1970 s for five years, I travelled extensively, addressing countless audiences about PNG. Most people have read something about the country. Mead’s books about PNG (and Samoa) have truly set her up as the “expert” on our people.

The Americans view us as primitive people practising free love, etc. Rubbish. My view about the USA is that many of its citizens fit well into these categories. They, like other foreigners, should write about themselves and definitely not about us.

My family knew Mead very well. She was our friend but a very aggressive woman. She considered herself above others and that she was the authority on the Papua New Guinean (and Samoan) ways of life.

I argued with her on numerous occasions with a view to correcting her numerous errors about PNG. She was never convinced.

I wish she were still alive to read Freeman’s book and Wendt’s review.

In 1978, PNG put on a major cultural exhibition at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. The former Governor-General, Sir Tore Lokoloko, was there to open the exhibition. A day before the opening. Mead sent me a copy of the speech she was going to deliver. She had not been invited to speak at the opening. I called her and said that she was not going to speak because I had planned for only two, the president of the museum and the governor-general, to speak.

When she insisted, I said “no” but invited her to the opening.

She attended but did not speak.

A few weeks after her death, a U.S. senator asked me to speak at her church memorial service in Washington D.C. I declined because if I had spoken I would not have said anything good about her. I attended a packed church.

When I heard three speeches made about Mead’s good work among the “primitives” in PNG (and Samoa), and how she had put these two countries on the world map, I almost felt sick.

Before the service was over, I left the church, disgusted.

The people of PNG and Samoa have a lot of work to do to correct the damage Mead created about us internationally.

Freeman and Wendt have started. It is now Papua New Guineans’ turn. Papua New Guinean academics: Wake up and start the ball rolling now. We’ve had enough.

Paulias N. Matane

(Secretary, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea From Hula to Flamenco?

I was somewhat surprised that my simple plea for more accurate reporting of archeological concerns in PIM (Feb. plO), excited such ire from Robert Langdon (PIM, May p 9).

The points raised by Mr Langdon perhaps require some riposte. One could for instance throw back into his court the “invidiousness” of his own position at the Australian National University not being held by an Australian Aborigine or a Pacific Islander. By innuendo Mr Langdon sugests that a higher degree from the ANU isn’t worth very much. If he feels that way about that worthy institution, one wonders why he sought employment there in the first place.

The idea that the 18th-century Hawaiian masks were copied from Spanish helmets is indeed ingenious, although one wonders about the other side of this “interchange of ideas” referred to by Mr Langdon. Is Flamenco dancing perhaps influenced by Hawaiian hula? I await a letter from Erich von Daniken violently disagreeing with Mr Langdon’s interpretation. Surely it would be as logical to suggest that the Hawaiian masks were copies of spacemen’s helmets?

(Dr) Matthew Spriggs

University of Hawaii at Manoa Hawaii, USA Explaining Palau’s plebiscite In regard to Mr Takeuchi’s “The super tangle that is Palau” (PIM, Apr. p 23), let me explain to PIM readers that the result of the plebiscite held in Palau in February on the Compact of Free Association is not a fair indication of the Palauan people’s perceptions of their future political status.

First of all, the compact is a very complex legal document which is very hard to comprehend without specialist legal interpretation. Secondly, there were no legal representatives involved in the educational prog- Growing up in Samoa - the Mead controversy continues.

And now Papua new Guinea, too, is showing involvement. 7 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

ram. Thirdly, the time allotted for the educational program was too short, given the complexity of the compact. This being the case, more than 75 per cent of the people who went to the polls in February were not able to read and understand the compact and its implications.

Unfortunately, the problems did not end there. The people selected to do the work of educating the voters included many individuals very prominent in the island. In the view of many, they were paid so generously for their work that they became active campaigners for the compact, rather than serious educators in the details of the compact. Their tactic was to interpret parts of the compact which are favorable and beneficial to Palau and the Palauans, but then tend to ignore those parts that might otherwise bind Palau and her people. This worked so successfully, some people think, that the majority of the people who went to the polls were swayed to vote for the compact without the slightest idea of its real impact on them and their island nation in the foreseeable future.

The result of the plebiscite clearly demonstrates that a biased view was imposed on the Palauan people. It only created confusion and indecision among the voters. To interpret it as a true reflection of the Palauan people’s perceptions about their future political status would be in violation of the democratic principles of which the United States claims to be strong and true advocate.

VINCENT ITO.

Koror Republic of Belau Behind the Coombe affair (1) Since Christine Coombe, your contributor to “The Month” section (PIM, May pi 7), chose to write about me, my husband and our country in the manner that she had been doing in her own paper Voice of Vanuatu, I hereby beg some space in which to put my side of the story.

My objections to Christine Coombe’s style of journalism have nothing to do with my being the wife of the minister of home affairs. Similarly, my involvement in government dates from the Vanuaaku Party’s participation in government. My husband, however, though a staunch and dedicated member of the Vanuaaku Party, and one-time commissioned special representative of the government, with ministerial rank, on the island of Santo during the rebellion, was appointed minister of home affairs on February 1, 1983. Neither he nor his position is responsible for my opinions, nor am I nor my position responsible for his opinions.

The so-called “researched” and “investigated” information hawked by the Christine Coombe duet as it appears on page 18 of the May issue of PIM could all have easily been substantiated or denied by the mere picking up of a telephone. It is most disappointing that otherwise good magazines like PIM and Islands Business have stooped to publish such garbage.

I have also read in the May PIM that Robert Keith-Reid, the political reporter for Fiji media, is involved in the writing up of a “Code of Ethics” for journalists in that country. I hope this means that in future people who make a living from relaying information will be ethical and act more responsibly in the exercise of their function, and be more courteous in their interaction with persons they hound for news (in order that they, the journalists, may make a living).

Journalists regularly prey on Vanuatu. When they don’t get what they are after, they console themselves by making spitefully derogatory remarks about Vanuatu.

Despite whatever hallucinations Christine Coombe may be hatching up in her head about Vanuatu becoming a police state, or certain of her collaborators being influential, may I point out that Vila is more peace-loving than many towns in the Pacific.

Our police are more gentle and our prisons offer a better life than any prison in cities in Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and many other countries of the Pacific and the world. A woman can go swimming alone on a lonely beach in Vanuatu and not be raped. The same cannot be said of many so-called developed countries.

Christine Coombe should thank her lucky stars that we have been extremely generous in allowing her all the freedom she enjoyed in our beautiful country for so long.

For your “The Month” section of the magazine please get a ni-Vanuatu to write about Vanuatu, or at least get someone who knows something about Vanuatu to report from here.

Christine Coombe writing for Vanuatu is an insult to every citizen of Vanuatu wherever PIM is sold.

For the information of readers I would appreciate you also publishing the following opinions, the third section of which became the “letter” to Crhistine Coombe. It was written because she personally was going around soliciting ni-Vanuatu support for her stay. My letter appeared in the last issue of her Voice of Vanuatu.

Grace Molisa

Port-Vila Vanuatu • See also “Tropicalities”

Behind the Coombe affair (2) I read with keen interest the March, April and May issues of PIM. Christine Coombe did quite well in putting the record straight over the deportation issue. She was deported from Vanuatu because she published material about the government in “her own paper Voice of Vanuatu” in somebody else’s country.

I think Christine Coombe is making a big deal out of this.

Firstly too much attention is given to her. The “inside story” (May) stretched the situation to the extent of having “a truck convoy ... to block the airfield” if the readers of Voice of Vanuatu knew when she was leaving. Vanuatu’s constitution maintains freedom of expression, but commonsense requires that this freedom be treated with respect.

It is no surprise that a number of influential personalities in Vanuatu political circles voiced their concern about her deportation. The deportation order coincided with the first parliamentary sitting for 1983. The individuals mentioned were expecting the Prime Minister, Walter Lini, to be toppled from his seat. A vote of no-confidence in the prime minister was soon to be tabled in parliament. Who amongst the politicians would not have grasped this opportunity to square a score with the PM?

While freedom of the press may appear to have been at stake, Coombe made herself vulnerable in allowing the politicians, in their bid to topple the government, take her issue as a front to attack Walter Lini personally.

Readers of Voice of Vanuatu shouldn’t be agitated about Coombe’s deportation. That’s not the end of a free press. We don’t need her in Vanuatu to ensure a free press and free speech for us. If, in fact, the Voice of Vanuatu had always been the “opinion of ni- Vanuatu” (Islands Business, April ’B3), we can handle our opinions ourselves, the way we want to. There’s no reason why Allan Andrews and Simeon Roberts, with their experience in publishing Voice of Vanuatu, to sit and mourn her departure. Let’s be independent. Produce our own paper!

Barry S. Ilaisa

(ni-Vanuatu) University of the South Pacific Suva Fiji Christine Coombe. After her deportation from Vanuatu she spent two months in Australia but has now returned to England. 8 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 LETTERS

Cook Islands

New PM describes the world as seen from Rarotonga Prime Minister GEOFFREY HENRY of the Cook Islands was interviewed in Rarotonga in June by roving PIM correspondent W. G. COPPELL.

Q. Prime Minister, all the disputed electoral results from your 1983 general election have now been resolved. Do you feel that you have a safe enough majority to enable your government to carry out the policies you have in mind?

A. Yes, I think so. At the moment the seating stands at 13 to 11, with the Cook Islands Party having a majority of two.

There is one more seat still to be settled, that is the by-election set for August 19 on Atiu. We are hoping to be able to take that, which would give us a working majority of three. But even with two, I believe we have a working majority. Naturally I would have liked to have had a two-thirds majority, that is 16 seats, but unfortunately the people didn’t give us that. At the moment we have a legislative program that I am certain we will be able to implement even with a majority of two.

Q. Mr Hawke, the newly elected Australian prime minister, has stressed the theme of reconciliation and reconstruction. Do you have any particular theme that you wish to see adopted during your leadership?

A. Yes indeed. And I must say that Prime Minister Hawke has begun his term rather brilliantly.

We here in the Cook Islands are in fact moving along the same lines. I have on a number of occasions made it known publicly and in interviews that it is my intention to run an open type of government, more a consultative, parliamentary type of government, than an executive government, where all the decisions are made by the few in cabinet rather than being made by parliament.

In fact I intend to go further than this. We will be setting up more committees in parliament to consider the various legislative measures that the government seeks to have passed through parliament, in order that there will be greater participation in the discussion stage at any rate in the formulation stages of any legislation that is going through parliament. Then I am going to do something that’s probably not done anywhere else in the Commonwealth, that is to set up a public expenditure committee, comprising not just members of the legislature but also representatives of the private sector.

This means that we will be able to bring the public much closer to government, closer to the expenditure program of government.

The critical reviewing process that is so essential for an effective government will thereby have been met.

Q. The economy of the Cook Islands has undergone many changes in recent years. Has the Cook Islands Party government any specific development programs in mind to stimulate the economy?

A. I believe the future of the Cook Islands relies very importantly on a few areas, which we intend to concentrate on. First, it may not sound like a developmental project, but in my view it is water supply. The eight months or so before the election brought home to me and certainly to my party, the importance of water supply. If we don’t have any water supply we can forget about tourism, and certainly we can forget about any agricultural program we might have in mind.

The first emphasis of my government this year is to ensure that there will be an adequate water supply on the island of Rarotonga, and more particularly in the northern group where unfortunately for them they have to rely on what the clouds are willing to give them so whimsically.

Secondly, of course, agriculture. At present the cost of growing crops in the Cook Islands is extremely high. We have to bring in expensive fertilisers, Geoffrey Henry: “It is my intention to run an open type of government, more a consultative, parliamentary government rather than an executive government where a few in cabinet make the decisions.” 9 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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Bookings through Union Steamship Company of NZ, Pan Am, Air New Zealand or direct to Aggie Grey’s, Apia, Western Samoa. Cables: ‘AGGIES’ Apia. very expensive chemical sprays, and so forth. To give the growers a surcease we have decided to grant a two-year tax moratorium on all incomes earned by growers, and in this way we hope they will get an incentive. Added to this we have cut back the price of fertilisers by half to lower the costs of crop-growing. Agriculture will continue to be an impor- ‘l’d like to see our relations with New Zealand continue to develop ... At the same time I believe that the country is ripe to establish closer relations with other countries in the Pacific ... I would like to encourage a closer relationship with Australia, in particular, and with Papua New Guinea.’ rant thing for us. We are going to emphasise not only exports which are extremely important, but also growing food for the table, for eating, because this a major problem. To do this we have to make growing not a chore, growing must become a “fun” thing once more.

The third area which I believe is most important and at the moment it is the biggest moneyspinner for the Cook Islands is tourism. At present the number of tourists visiting the Cook Islands is just under 22,000 a year.

In fact there was a slight drop of 3.8 per cent last year and I am concerned that on the figures given to me on the first quarter this year there’s been a drop of approximately 6 per cent compared with last year. This bodes ill for us, so we have to do something about tourism. It is our policy to double the number of tourists coming into the country from 22,000 to approximately 44,000 which we believe we will be able to take with only a slight increase in the number of beds.

We can take that number quite comfortably without any major disruption, socially or culturally.

Lastly, there is the matter of our marine resources, probably, in the long term, the most important area of all. We have established a new Ministry of Marine resources divorced from the Ministry of Agriculture. Its job is to ensure that whatever is out there in that water, in the three million square kilometres of it, belongs to us. We’ve got to know what is there, and how we can best use it for the benefit of the Cook Islands.

Q. The drift of population to New Zealand and elsewhere, including Australia continues.

Perhaps it’s at a diminished rate just now, but it must be a matter of concern to your government that so many young and able people are continuing to leave the Cook Islands.

A. Yes, to an extent it is a matter of concern and you would probably find that the economists of today would regard it as a major problem. I’m not so concerned, nor do I regard it as a major problem. Certainly we are losing some of our more industrious people, they are travelling to overseas countries, looking for greener pastures. I know of no surefire way of stopping them from leaving the country, and in any case I’m not sure that I would want to stop them.

I’ll tell you why. Last year, for example, and at the beginning of this year, we’ve had groups of people travelling to New Zealand to raise funds for a variety of community projects. One team went and came back with $60,000 after being in New Zealand for just 10 days. Another team went and came back in two weeks with $BB,OOO. A team from Mangaia went and came back with $BO,OOO. That’s a lot of money coming in over a short time, and it’s an amount of money which could not be found here in the Cook Islands, no matter how hard the people here worked to get it.

We really are in the business of the export of people. The fact that there are something like 20,000 Cook Islanders in New Zealand is good for us. For example, every time a group of people go to New Zealand to raise funds, the 20,000 Cook Islanders there are putting up the money to send back home. On top of this come particularly the Christmas periods when a lot of money is remitted home by Cook Islanders. Anything up to $250,000 is coming at that time from Cook Islanders living overseas. In a sense I’m not worried about more Cook Islanders being in Australia. In fact I’m looking forward to that.

Q. Foreign investment is always a thorny question for the small Pacific Islands nations. Do you see the Cook Islands Government providing substantial incentives for the overseas investor to move capital into the Cooks?

A. Yes, indeed. In 1976 the Cook Islands Party government passed the Development Incentives Act. Together with that there was prepared a code of development. The purpose of the Act was to provide incentive schemes to attract foreign capital. Important concessions were made with regard to taxation levies and duties, as well as the guarantee of no competition for a period of, say, four to five years, or even more in some cases. We are looking forward to foreign capital becoming more involved in our economy, together with Cook Islanders as well.

Q. In the past there has been criticism of the Cook Islands Government on the grounds that there has been government control of the media, of the press and radio. Is government policy going to change in this respect?

A. Well, we have an interesting situation here. Apart from one privately owned FM radio station that came into existence back in about 1977-78, the only national newspaper is produced by government and the radio station in the country is completely funded by government.

In a sense government domination was almost unavoidable.

This year, in accordance with my party’s manifesto, we’ve decided that we shall give the private sector the opportunity of taking over control and ownership of the government-owned radio station as well as the newspaper. In this way we hope the newspaper as well as the radio will be completely controlled by the private sector and therefore from that point of view more critical of the work of government, constructive in their criticism, and more informative as far as the public is concerned.

Q. To return to tourism. It obviously continues to play a major role in the Cook Islands economy. Is your government going to have any stated policies about local equity in major tourist developments?

A. We are hopeful that the 11 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

Cook Islands

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Telephone 21239. developments that take place in that area would in the main be owned by Cook Islanders. But where it is clear that foreign capital is essential for the development to take place, we have a minimum requirement of no less than 10 per cent equity, or ‘We are in the business of the export of people. The fact that there are something like 20,000 Cook Islanders in New Zealand is good for us. For example, every time a group of people go to New Zealand to raise funds, the 20,000 Cook Islanders there are putting up the money to send back home.’ one per cent of gross profit, would belong to a local entity.

Our hope is that, in contrast to some other places in the world.

Cook Islanders will benefit directly from any tourist activity that takes place.

Q. The Cook Islands have relied for many years on grantsin-aid from New Zealand. Do you expect the rate of funding to be maintained or even increased?

A. I’m hoping that the donor countries would consider increasing their aid. We’ve been lucky this year, our application for the grant-in-aid from the New Zealand Government has been met in full in fact with an increase of $50,000. We are looking to other countries for assistance in this area. I can’t help feeling that donor countries have to accept that a small country like mine, with a total land area of 240 square kilometres in the scattered situation that we have, there is no way, given our resources, that we can ever become completely independent. I am hoping that donor countries would accept that as a fact.

Let us, allow us, the pleasure and the joy of pursuing a goal of economic independence, because that we have to chase anyway, to make life meaningful and worthwhile. It must be accepted, however, that we can never attain it.

Q. When governments change in the Cook Islands and they have only changed once really there are questions about will there be any changes in relationships between the Cook Islands and New Zealand. Does your government see any substantial change or will the present relationships be kept on much as they are?

A. We have enjoyed an extremely sound working relationship with the New Zealand government. I guess it started off in the beginning as a sort of fatherchild type of relationship. New Zealand was the country with the colony, and it was very much paternal. In 1965 we became kind of partners as it were. But since then the relationship between the two countries has indeed matured considerably, to the point where New Zealand is actively seeking acceptance overseas of our state of independence.

Our constitution leaves itself open to the interpretation that we might still be controlled by New Zealand, but that is not the case.

New Zealand is anxious that it is seen by the outside world that we have a perfect relationship between two sovereign independent states. I’d like to see our relations with New Zealand continue to develop. We’ve enjoyed it very much and we don’t want to lose it.

At the same time I believe that the country is ripe to establish closer relations with other countries in the Pacific. We have a very close relationship with Fiji, Western Samoa, Tonga, and so on. I would like to encourage a closer relationship with Australia, in particular, and with Papua New Guinea.

Q. I was about to ask you about your government’s attitude to South Pacific regional arrangements, such as the South Pacific Forum, the Forum Line, the South Pacific Commission all those regional activities?

A. We are firm believers in regional organisations. We are a founding member of the Forum, and a fully fledged member of the South Pacific Commission.

We have attained membership of the Pacific Islands Industrial Development Scheme and we are involved in a variety of other regional activities such as the Forum Line and the South Pacific Regional Civil Aviation Council. I would like to see a situation where these organisations offer more of an opportunity for countries to get together and talk things out, rather than their becoming the channels of aid to the Pacific. I firmly believe that the most useful way of giving aid to Pacific countries is through bilateral aid directly from government to government, rather than through costly intermediary organisations.

Q. The Cook Islands constitution is framed in such a sway that it requires a two-thirds majority in parliament to bring about changes. During the period of the Democratic Party’s rule they did have a two-thirds majority and were able to make some very substantial changes to the constitution. You don’t have that two-thirds majority. Are there any constitutional changes you would like to bring forward and hope that perhaps the opposition would give you support in the interests of the nation?

A. Yes, there are some. I must say that it is unfortunate for us that we didn’t get our two-thirds majority in order to ensure that our proposals for changes in the constitution could be put through. For example we are determined to alter the constitution to do away with the overseas seat and have it replaced by some 13 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

Cook Islands

other arrangement which would still ensure that the Cook Islanders who are overseas and eligible do not lose their franchise.

Q. However, if you put that through at the present time you would lose one of your seats . . . ’

A. Yes, that would be a rather silly thing to do.

Q. The opposition would obviously support you . . .

A. Absolutely, all the way.

I’m sure. If the change was made it would come at the end of the term. One of the changes we also did want to make was the reduction of the parliamentary term from five years to four years.

The five-year term was introduced by the previous government, we are the beneficiaries of it now, but I maintain, and my team maintains, that five years is too long for the people to wait to exercise their right to change the government, if they so wish.

Another important issue is the position of the speaker. The previous government introduced the measure that rendered the position of the Speaker rather precarious, in that all that was required was a substantive motion by a two-thirds majority and the Speaker would find himself flat on his face, and out of the House. Our preference was for a situation where the Speaker could not be removed from parliament during the term of government by any means, other than his own resignation, or illness, or retirement. The tenure of the Speaker would be firmer, a lot stronger and less subject to the majority in parliament.

The fact that the Speaker is not an elected member but is appointed by parliament contributes greatly to the independence of the position of the Speaker.

Any legislative measure that Tangled tale of electoral petitions in the Cooks Following the March 1983 general election in the Cook Islands, there were three electoral petitions. They were heard by Chief Justice Sir Graham Speight, and the proceedings were conducted in a predominantly low-ley manner, quite unlike the almighty row that followed the 1978 elections and the “fly-in” voters issue.

Two of the cases were heard on the island of Atiu and concerned seats which had been successfully contested by Democratic Party candidates Norman George and Tangata Simiona.

In the case of Norman George, much of the petitioners’ evidence related to allegations of treating and bribery, especially alleged offers to secure overseas training or promotion for several possible supporters, and the supplying of a carton of meat and a bag of sugar to a group of Atiuans working on the building of a palace on the marae of the Ngati Paraurangi tribe.

Giving evidence, Mr George outlined the several conversations he had had with the petitioners’ witnesses about overseas training and promotions, stating in one instance; “The view I hold, and made mention of to Paratainga and his wife, is that far too many opportunities are given to personnel based in Raro.

My task, if I am elected, would be to fight for those opportunities to be given to young Atiuans.”

The case produced vivid examples of the problems associated with campaigning in the numerically small electorates of the Cook Islands, where candidates may, if they want to, speak personally to all constituents. Norman George told the hearing: “I said that I am endeavoring to go to every house and to know as many people in the district as possible. To this Terangi Roi replied, T knew you were coming, my husband told me. ’ She added that her father-in-law was against my visit but she insisted I be allowed to visit her like any other human being.”

Vincent Ingram, representing Norman George, brought out in evidence that George is a member of the Paraurangi tribe, and that it was expected that members of the tribe would contribute to the work on the palace, and that members absent from Atiu were also expected to contribute in kind. Although it was alleged that by providing the food George was treating, it was brought out that Tepou Boaza, the Cook Islands Party candidate had also been active on the marae site. A witness for the petitioners stated: “He was not playing politics when he was coming on the marae, he was just discharging tribal customs.”

The response to the allegation of treating produced significant evidence relating to customary practices. As Norman George testified: “As I approached them a lady said to me, ‘You have the audacity to come here with your bare hands.’ She said in Atiuan ‘E tae koe ite acre mai ki konei aau pakau. ’ Some other lady said: ‘Where is your tin of fish?’ I was taken by surprise and said to her: T can’t buy you tin fish, it is bribery and you know this is election time.’ She replied: ‘No, no, no, this is a tribal function angaanga kopu tangata teia . . . this is not politics and you are allowed to bring food for Ngati Paruarangi’.”

The petitions against Norman George were dismissed.

In the case of Tangata Simiona the petitions principally concerned $95 worth of volleyball and .other sports equipment supplied through Mr Simiona to the Seventhday Adventist School on Atiu. The evidence recalled discussions between Tangata Simiona and the head teacher relating to the proposed supply of the equipment. The letter advising that the equipment was to be provided, according to the head teacher, was accompanied by another from Tangata Simiona, headed “Confidential.”

This letter asked the head teacher to lend her support to Tangata at election time. She said: “Boy, I was scared, scared. Above all else I regretted making the list (of sports equipment). I regret answering ‘yes’ when he asked if we wanted sports gear.”

When asked “Why did you regret it?”, she replied: “Well, it’s simple, as the letter says, he was only using me to campaign for him. He wanted me to speak to my pastor and his wife and my head elder.” She was then asked: “Having received this letter, what did you think Mr Simiona’s purpose had been?” “I said to myself that that was the only reason he came to see me, but he used the sports gear to cover himself.”

The chief justice found in favor of the petitioners and said in his summing-up that the allegation of bribery had on the balance of probabilities been established, this being a determination under civil Norman George: When is a tin of fish bribery, and when is it plain good manners? See report below. 14 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

Cook Islands

jeopardises that particular aspect of the situation should be removed. I hope that the members of the opposition will assist us.

There is also a restriction on the time that Parliament can meet after the holding of a general election. Before, we had a requirement that parliament had to meet within 90 days of the date of the election. But a change was introduced by the previous government requiring that parliament was not to meet until all electoral petitions about the election had been determined by the High Court, sometimes these petitions can go on for a long time.

This year we were fortunate that there were only three petitions considered by the High Court and all of them have now been disposed of. Parliament can now meet.

I do not think it is necessary for Parliament to wait until the High Court has done its business in relation to the election. It seems to me that the 90-day requirement is adequate to protect the interests of the country.

Q. In other words, you think that once the elections are over, government should be able to get on with its legislative business?

A. And get on with the task of running the country. law. The chief justice described Tangata Simiona’s actions as being an error of judgment. He declared the election result void.

The third electoral petition concerned the Rarotonga seat of Ruaau, which had been won by the Democratic party candidate Harry Napa by a majority of two votes after a judicial recount.

The petitioners alleged that Chief Electoral Officer, Andrew Turua had been responsible for irregularities in the manner in which postal votes were recorded and counted.

Much of the argument centred upon the appointment of a certain Miss Anderson as a deputy returning officer.

The chief justice dismissed this petition when he ruled that Miss Anderson’s appointment was valid and that the procedures earned out were in accordance with the Electoral Act.

There was a further allegation that Harry Napa had committed corrupt practices of treating before and during the election in that he personally or by other persons on his behalf gave foodstuffs to persons for the purpose of procuring his own election. No evidence was offered that Harry Napa had personally offered refreshments on election day and much of the argument related to the actions of people who may have been considered to have been acting as his agents. Food was available for Democratic Party workers and supporters at the home of Alex Munro, a well-known member of the Democratic Party, and the chief justice found that none of the witnesses called by the petitioners had been induced to vote for Harry Napa by being offered food and drink, The petition was dismissed, Footnote: Reporters for the Cook Islands News, in common with their colleagues elsewhere, need to be wary in the terminology they use when reporting court cases, In its Saturday, May 21 edition, the paper reported that Tangata Simiona had been “found guilty of bribery” in respect of the general election contest for the Teenui- Mapumai seat on Atiu. As the paper pointed out in its retraction of May 25: “In law the expression ‘found guilty’ carries with it the suggestion that criminal proceedings had been brought, resulting in that finding.”

As reported above, the court had found that an allegation of bribery against Mr Simiona had, on the balance of probabilities, been established. The Cook Island News accordingly published an apology to Mr Simiona, “for using an expression which suggests he had been the subject of criminal proceedings, and regrets any embarrassment that may have been caused to him.” W. G.

Coppell.

THE MONTH Before the Paris ‘round table’

Twenty New Caledonian political leaders left Noumea in early July for discussions in Paris on a statute of internal autonomy. The French Secretary of State for Overseas Departments and Territories, Georges Lemoine, had invited the Independence Front (IF), the Republican party (RPCR), the Centre party (FNSC), two representatives of the Great Council of Chiefs, and, at the last minute, a non-aligned member of the Territorial Assembly, Mme Marie-Paule Serve. The round table was to take place from July 8 to 13.

The Independence Front sent a delegation of five, all Union Caledonienne (UC) members of the assembly.

IF spokesman Nidoish Nasseline told a press conference at Tontouta airport that the five, who include UC leaders Eloi Machoro and Yeiwene Yeiwene, were taking part in the discussions as representatives of the Kanak people, not as political party leaders. “We are not going to Paris to discuss things with the RPCR,” Mr Naisseline said.

“We are going as representatives of the Kanak people in thier quest for independence. The IF will discuss autonomy, but only if it is a transition towards independence.

“But we’ll wait to see the final statute, to be voted by the French Parliament in October, and after that we’ll look at the consequences.”

Asked about the possibility of a “clash” between the IF delegation and the French Government, Mr Yeiwene said: “It’s for the French Government to take the responsibility if this happens. A clear timetable for independence must be given with this statute if not we won’t be in place at the table.”

The FNSC spokesman said his group were not very optimistic that much would come out of the discussions. “Both the IF and the RCPR have taken extreme positions,” said Christian Boissery. “Being in the middle is a difficult role for us. We need to make suggestions which will be aceptable to all.”

“In any case,” he added.

“The FNSC members are going as men of goodwill. WeTe ready to make concessions, but always in the framework of the French Republic. We’re not going to Paris to talk about independence, but about the evolution of governmental institutions. ’ ’

Speaking to the press before he left for Paris in late June, Republican leader Jacques Lafleur said: “My party hopes to see the rules of the democratic game respected. If we’re to avoid confrontations in New Caledonia, those in power must act according to the rules.”

Referring to the RPCR demand for fresh elections, Dick Ukeiwe said before his departure; “We in the RPCR prefer elections to be held before the application of a statute of autonomy. This is one means of respecting the rules of the democratic process.

“But we can’t make conditions. We’re going to the round table as guests, and our position will be a function of what is served up to us.”

Although not invited to Paris, Noumea Notebook Helen Fraser 15 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

t r * it r -i re 0 •Vi Vrij&Ss n *» pm '< fT ** ■ > fa

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Western Polynesian languages Eastern Polynesian languages English equivalent launiu/rouniu nikau frond taume roro/’oroe spathe kano kiko/To kernel hua/sua vai water two other groups have launched ideas on the autonomy question.

The anti-independence Caledonia Front put out a proposition for a decentralised regional government, based on that recently decided by France for Corsica.

Their idea would create a regional assembly, with its president holding executive office. New Caledonians would control their own budget, but most powers would rest with France.

Caledonian Front leader Justin Guillemard would like the proposition to be put to a referendum, although he acknowledges the chances are not high.

Mr Guillemard was also in the news recently when he wrote to Queen Elizabeth II protesting against the behaviour of Australia’s Prime Minister Hawke and Foreign Minister Hayden.

Referring to recent statements by the two men on New Caledonia, Mr Guillemard complained to Her Majesty about their “outrageous language, attitude and declarations”.

The lengthy letter describes Mr Hawke’s support for independence as “supporting Marxism and international Communism”. The Queen was also warned that the statements by the Australian Government were “detrimental to good and cordial relations between friends and neighbors”. The Caledonian Front also wrote to Mr Hawke in early May.

The Caledonian Youth Party (AJC) also put up suggestions for a decentralised statute on the eve of the round table. The AJC was formed in 1979 and has several hundred members.

They want to see two elected bodies in New Caledonia, one the Territorial Assembly, the other a Council of New Caledonian Affairs, to be the local executive, with a president as its head. The AJC puts emphasis on freedom of commerical relations for such a decentralised territory, with the lifting of import quotas being proposed.

The AJC contests the IF claim for recognition of the Kanak people as the legitimate people of New Caledonia. “Why separate people who were bom and live together in this territory, having need of each other, and having together created the New Caledonia of today?” they ask.

They are “not against the Kanaks, but they are against Kanak socialist independence”.

New Caledonia now has her first-ever Kanak judge. Fote Trolue, 34, from Lifou Island, has been installed as a magistrate in one of the lower courts. Mr Trolue was warmly welcomed as a magistrate in traditional ceremonies by his colleagues and by the State Prosecutor, Mr Bilbao.

Mr Trolue completed his studies at the University of Montpellier in France. Helen Fraser.

Nut name study not so nutty The idea of making a comparative study of the words used by different Pacific Island communities for the various parts of the palm tree, as a means of tracing cultural and historical relationships between the communities, first occurred to us during a cruise on that fine ship the Linblad Explorer, which by now has almost become a second home to us. The fact that coconut palms abound on all islands, and that the finer points can be demonstrated simply by picking up a nut or a frond from the ground not only made our inquiries easier, but also made it possible to ensure maximum accuracy, even when our shore visits were fairly brief.

We have also tried to find corroborative and supplementary data in the anthropological literature, but, we must confess, with very little success. Even when a field, worker gives a rather full account of the uses to which the various parts of the palm are put, the native terminology is rarely indicated in a systematic and exhaustive manner. The outstanding exception is not altogether unexpectedly Peter Buck, the only anthropologist of Polynesian ancestry. His chapter in Ethnology of Tongareva (Bishop Museum, 1932) should serve as a model for all Pacific field workers. Unfortunately, it has never done so.

We have gathered relevant names from 11 island groups or individual islands. Most of the terms have an extremely wide distribution. This is the case, for example, with the word for the coconut palm itself niu (nu, We leave it to the judgement of the intelligent reader to decide whether the almost universal use of these terms is at all related to the fact that they denote the most useful parts of the palm tree.

Another observation which does not take long to make is that the generally acknowledged cultural and linguistic cleavage betni). Other widespread terms are kaka for the stipule or fibrous tissue at the base of the frond, puru for the husk, and uto for the haustorium, or the white spongy mass that fills a sprouting coconut. ween eastern and western Polynesia is reflected in the existence of the pairs of terms listed in the accompanying table.

Far more interesting than such universal parallels and broad divisions, however, are the histor- Hayden: “Outrageous outlook”

Postmark Papeete Marie-Thérèse and Bengt Danielsson 18 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 THE MONTH

ical relationships revealed by the many small word clusters linking a limited number of islands.

One such cluster, as might be expected, encompasses the Society and the Cook islands, where the following variants of the word for midrib are found: fa-niu (Tahiti), ’a-nu (Rarotonga), and wha-ni (Manihiki-Rakahanga). ’Apu/kapu for coconut shell cup has an identical distribution. The most interesting case is surely that of the highly aberrant term used in the Southern Marquesas islands for the palm tree, e’ehi, which reappears in Mangareva as ere’i, which is perfectly in accordance with the laws governing the inter-island sound shifts.

The same holds true for the Marquesan term for the spathe, ’o’o, and its Mangarevan counterpart, roro. Finally, if we equate, as we should, the Marquesan term kei kaha with the Mangarevan puru ka’a, both meaning husk, we have a third word-pair confirming the oral traditions recorded by the early missionaries to the effect that Mangareva was originally settled from the Marquesas.

But this is not all. There are also linguistic links between islands at opposite ends of Polynesia, with no traces in between.

The most intriguing example is the unique sharing between Mangareva and Samoa of the word raparapa/lapalapa for the midrib of the frond. It is also worth nothing that the typically western Polynesian word for coconut shell cup, ipu, is found, in eastern Polynesia, only in the Marquesas. As is widely known to Polynesian scholars, the main conclusion to be drawn from the extensive archeological excavations undertaken since World War II is that the Marquesas were the first islands to be settled in eastern Polynesia, and that the early settlers must have come straight from the then culturally uniform area of today’s Samoan and Tongan island groups.

A short disgression seems justified here. It concerns the very similar findings made by Bernhard Zepemick in his study from 1970: Pflanzennamen als Hinweis auf kulturelle Beziehungen innerhalb Polynesiens. For instance, the Samoan and Futunan word for the candlenut tree, lama, jumps over the Cook and Society islands (where the tree is called tutui ) to the Marquesas, Mangareva, and all the way to Easter Island, substituting only r for /.

Another botanical name that makes an almost identical jump is mei, the common word for the breadfruit tree both in a western cluster of islands made up of Tonga, Futuna-Uvea, and Niue (as well as the Carolines), and in an eastern cluster consisting, significantly enough, once more of the Marquesas and Mangarevan islands. Everywhere else in Polynesia it is called kuru, ’uru or ’ulu.

Last but not least we have intriguing instances of unique terms, used only in an extremely restricted geographical area. The Tuamotu archipelago is a fine example, for practically all the names of the two dozen or so plants that make up the meagre local flora have no counterparts elsewhere in Polynesia. To cite only a few such isolates: Colocasia esculenta, is called fakea, Messerschmidtia argentea, ngeongeo, Guettarda speciosa, kahaia and Portulaca species pokea. As for the pandanus palm, which throughout Polynesia is known by the name fara/hala it is called tima in the western and viri in the eastern Tuamotus. In more than 50 instances, a certain plant name is restricted to a single atoll.

Coconut terminology is equally varied and distinct: of the 16 terms listed in the table for the island of Raroia, nine are unknown in the rest of Polynesia, and some of them have never been recorded elsewhere in the Tuamotus. The only explanation we can offer for this peculiar situation is the extreme isolation, of both of the group as a whole, and of the individual atolls within it.

The only big island possessing an equally high percentage of isolates is Tahiti, and in this particular case we can for once discern the social mechanism responsible for the vocabulary changes.

This has been done in an expecially able manner by our friend and neighbor Ralph Gardner White in his contribution to the Kenneth P. Emory Festschrift.

His article is entitled “Onomastically induced word replacements in Tahitian” (“onomastic” means “relating to names”).

The most famous example of such a replacement is one dating from the second half of the 18th century, and resulting from the tabooing of the syllable tu, because Tu was the title of the new Tahitian “king” who has gone down in history as Pomare I.

It seems that at a slightly earlier date, the same principle had caused the palm tree to be renamed ha’ari. The word is still commonly used today, although we can find the old pan- Polynesian word niu in some legends and mythological texts recorded around 1820 by the first Protestant missionaries. We can even get an inkling of the basis for the creation of the new word when we learn that ’akari is the word for a mature nut in the adjacent Cook Islands.

As we said at the outset, this is an extremely simple type of Parts of the coconut in the language of Raroia, a small atoll in the Tuamotu archipelago of French Polynesia. 19 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY AUGUST, 1983 THE MONTH

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Roncaglia OPR, capacity 300 tons of wheat per 24 hours. 20 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

study in which our only aim has been to establish historical relationships with the help of coconut terminology. But although we have made an effort to avoid it, there is nevertheless a methodological problem involved, which we must in honesty touch upon.

The problem can be stated as follows; shall we compare only the words used for absolutely identical features of the palm tree, the nuts and the frond, or shall we base our comparisons on all existing cognate words, even when their meaning differs considerably? The conclusions we draw from our material will not be the same in the first case as in the second.

For example, in the sense of a frond, the word nikau/ni’au exists only in the Society and Cook Islands. But a dry flower stalk is called nikau in Mangareva, and ni’au means coconut leaf midrib in the Hawaiian language. The Marquesan word for a flower stalk is hihi, which at first glance seems to be a completely unique appellation until we open the LMS Tahitian dictionary and discover that there is indeed a word hihi, which is used to describe the two holes in a nut that cannot be pierced! Throwing our net a little more widely, we can haul in the word ’a’ano which in Tahitian denotes a container consisting of an emptied whole coconut shell, but in Samoan means the coconut kernel Marie- Therese and Bengt Danielsson.

After the storm, calm consensus June in Vanuatu saw the second meeting of parliament for the year and a determined attempt by both sides to overcome parliamentary hostilities left over from the vote of no-confidence in April (PIM May p 5).

The Opposition had refused then to pass an amendment to the constitution which would have solved a tangle hindering valid elections later this year. That refusal a silent abstention had been part of the preliminary manoeuvring for the vote of noconfidence in the Vanuaaku Party’s Prime Minister Walter Lini.

Accordingly, the day before the second meeting was to have opened, a tri-partite meeting of Lini, the Union of Moderate Parties’ new Secretary-General Vincent Boulekone, and the Vanuatu Independents’ Alliance Party’s Thomas Reuben Seru, hammered out a consensus approach to the amendment. Things seemed set for a smooth passage. But during the week the consensus-seekers encountered unexpected squalls.

The meeting got off to a bad start when a late entrance by a number of Opposition members on Monday morning meant that the sitting had to be abandoned.

That afternoon saw a series of extra-parliamentary meetings, as members talked over their views.

Op Tuesday morning, too, a quorum was not present. Tuesday afternoon the business of the session began. The amendment was to be left to last, as it required a special sitting.

Education Minister Onneyn Tahi introduced the long-overdue Bill for the Teaching Service Act of 1983. Vanuatu’s teachers have for a long time felt themselves to be the neglected poor relations of the professional class, and there has been a large wastage of teachers to other employment.

The Vanuatu Teachers’ Federation had had stormy discussions at its annual conference in May, with hints that a salary rise of 80 per cent might be demanded. The bill was passed after short discussion, with approval from members of all parties, and particularly those who had formerly taught.

Other bills also passed easily the Citizenship Regulation (Amendment) Act, and the Land Reform (Amendment) Act.

Friday, June 3 was the day set aside for the special sitting to debate the constitutional amendment. It was introduced by Prime Minister Lini, and instantly debate snagged. Whatever had been the consensus before, the Opposition now found itself unable to agree with certain sections of the amendment. The problem was the exact status and method of appointment of the newly-created post of Principal Electoral Officer whether this should be a presidential appointment or a public service position, and if a public service position, whether the appointee would be responsible to the Public Service Commission.

This delay seems to have taken both sides of the parliament by surprise. Certainly both sides were anxious that the process of consensus should not fall into disrepute; each stressed that “misunderstandings” were the cause of the delay, not intransigence or political deviousness.

This anxiety was not lost on the Speaker, Maxime Carlot, who observed dryly “the parliamentary method does not involve consensus. We use the parliamentary system”.

After a further emergency meeting to find a new consensus, the revised amendment was passed on the afternoon of June 3.

The constitutional effect of this is that the Speaker of Parliament is no longer automatically appointed chairman of the Electoral Commission. Instead, the post of Principal Electoral Officer is created. It is an ordinary Public Service Commission appointment, but with the appointee primarily responsible to the Electoral Commission. As this would be a permanent post, the former constitutional difficulties would be overcome.

The immediate political effect is that there will be elections, for the first time in independent Vanuatu, later this year. And there was a third effect: consensus, as a method of resolving political difficulties, had proved itself, and the special session of parliament closed amid a general air of relief.

But if things at home seem calmer, relationships with other governments, and other overseas interests, still seem likely to cause some tensions. Author Regis Debray ( Revolution in the Revolution, Leftist primer of the ’6os), turned up in Port-Vila as a special envoy of President Mitterrand to discuss “matters of interest to both governments”.

As Debray had come straight from Tahiti, where rumor had it that he had pressed the button for Report from Vanuatu Julie-Ann Ellis 21 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY AUGUST, 1983 THE MONTH

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the latest nuclear device, it is likely that at least one of the items discussed was Vanuatu’s firm opposition to France’s bomb-testing in the Pacific.

The day of Debray’s interview with the prime minister happened also to be the day chosen by Francophone ni-Vanuatu to demonstrate outside the French embassy against the raw deal they were getting as former immigrant workers in New Caledonia, still owed money for social security payments. The demonstrators threatened to bum the French flag, in a repeat protest, if demands were not met in a fortnight.

In a speech unlikely to improve harmony between the two countries, French Ambassador Marc Menguy announced that money to satisfy their claims was ready, but that responsibility for the delay lay with the government of Vanuatu. He added that he did not want to see another demonstration at the embassy.

Another foreign influence was perhaps to be seen as four men prominent in opposition politics, including a parliamentarian, flew out of Vila for an expensive, unexplained trip to the USA. The four left separately, but met in New Caledonia with a former French resident, deported for his role in the 1980 rebellion, and afterwards went on to the USA.

Neither of the opposition parties was able to explain the purpose of the trip.

However, domestically, the difficult process of consensus had cleared the air, and things were calm as members of the Vanuaaku Party began to leave for Ambrym, for their annual congress. The leadership wrangles expected there earlier are now less likely, though the congress is still expected to review its leadership and executive. The main topic for the Vanuaaku Party as for the Union of Moderate Parties and the Vanuatu Independents’ Alliance Party, will be the revision or drawing up of their platforms for the November election, the first since independence.

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FSM thumbs up on Compact As in the parable of the tortoise and the hare, the Federated States of Micronesia has proven the value of a slow and patient approach towards decolonisation. Although the government was the last of three in Micronesia seeking free association to complete negotiations with the United States, citizens of the federation in June approved the relationship by nearly 75 per cent. It was a victory for the FSM as well as America.

What happened in those islands was a textbook example of democracy in action. It was no cliche that some voters came to their polling stations in canoes.

Others, of course, preferred the comfort of air-conditioned automobiles, but the means of transport is somewhat beside the point. Free association, with its continuing ties to (and dependence on) the United States is the political status of choice in the FSM.

The victory margin FSMwide, as well as on a state-bystate basis, is instructive. There can be no doubt that the FSM wants free association, unlike the confused situation in Palau, three of the four states Yap, Truk and Kosrae approved the relationship by healthy margins.

Only in Ponape state, where the FSM’s capital is located, did voters narrowly turn down the pact. The sour note struck by Ponape is probably due to reasons unrelated to the free association compact as such. Citizens there have long resented the national government’s presence; the “outsiders”, notably “the Trukese”, get the best housing and the most prestigious jobs, they grouse. FSM President Tosiwo Nakayama is Trukese.

To ease Ponapean fears of being dominated by the federal bureaucracy, there will probably be increased attention to local concerns in Kolonia, the capital city, in the coming months. If carried out well, such political and personal ego-massaging could lessen the severity of the Ponapean pains.

All of which means the FSM and the United States can now approach the trusteeship termination process without fear of some major snag upsetting everyone.

To end Trust Territory control over the FSM, three of the four state legislatures must now approve the free association compact. Given the healthy approval ratings, that seems a certainty.

Then the national congress must give its blessing, a move which also seems assured.

From there, the compact will be sent to the U.S. Congress, where some believe that free association will be strongly criticised by Rightwing lawmakers. These observers believe that free association will be portrayed as a Panama Canal-like giveaway of American strategic interests.

Nothing could be further from the truth, of course. Strategic denial guarantees are the heart of the compacts negotiated with the Marshall Islands, Palau and the FSM. Once the complicated agreements are explained to senators and representatives, that point should be clearer.

Indeed, if the U.S. Senate vote in June to approve the longstalled Pacific Island Treaties by a 94-4 margin is any indication, free association should get through Congress fairly easily if backers can keep the conservatives from bottling up the compact in one or more committees.

Author Regis Debray, envoy for the French president. The rumor was that he had pressed the button starting the latest nuclear device. His Port-Vila visit coincided with a demonstration.

Notes from the North Floyd K. Takeuchi on Micronesia 23 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 THE MONTH

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The history of the free association negotiations should make anyone extremely wary of offering predictions on how long the termination process may take.

However, it seems reasonable at this point to suggest that perhaps within a year the Trust Territory administration’s suzerainty could be ended over the Federated States. And it is likely that Washington will use that time frame to end formal “control” over the Northern Marianas, which have waited patiently for nearly a decade to become an American commonwealth similar to Puerto Rico.

In the Marshall Islands and in Palau there has also been progress in recent weeks. U.S. Ambassador Fred Zeder flew from Washington to Majuro in late June for intensive negotiations.

The result was an agreement on the controversial nuclear-testing compensation package of the compact, and a September 7 date for a plebiscite in the Marshalls.

The compromise essentially frontloads about $l5O million in assistance for the peoples of Bikini, Enewetak, Rongelap and Utirik atolls, which were directly affected by U.S. atomic weapons testing during the 1940’s and 1950’5. While representatives of those groups and others participated in the talks, it is unclear wheather they will support the new agreement. If not, the compact could be in for big trouble in September despite President Amata Kabua’s strong support.

After completing his work in the Marshalls, Zeder flew to Guam where he met a Palauan delegation.

Following three days of intensive negotiations a compromise to the Palauan quagmire was announced.

The U.S. will be allowed to have its military ships and planes transit Palau with nuclear material aboard, but will not be allowed to “store the nuclear weapons, reactors and the like” in Palau.

The agreement is seen as one interpretation of the Palauan constitution, which prohibits the entrance of hazardous materials. As in the Marshalls, whether Zeder’s handiwork goes over in Palau remains to be seen.

But those are the continuing “problems” of Micronesia. The successful plebiscite in the Federated States is reason for celebration. It was an example of how the Pacific Island nations have been able, almost without exception, to make the transition from colonialism to selfgovernment without bloodshed or strife.

In the FSM’s case, free association may not be independence.

But the status does allow for considerable administrative autonomy, and with the level of assured fiscal resources that many another Pacific government would dearly love to have.

All in all, this is a most impressive record for the leaders of the Federated States, who have taken diverse island groups and within just a few years have managed to melcf them into a cohesive unit.

Whether the federation stand the test of time remains to be seen, but the young government is certainly off to a good start.

Floyd K. Takeuchi.

Pacific studies, the Soviet way During the last full week of May, Dr Stephen Uhalley and this correspondent were guests of the Department of Pacific Studies, Institute of Oriental Studies, USSR Academy of Sciences, in Moscow. Uhalley is director, Center for Asian and Pacific Studies (CAPS), University of Hawaii, and, as noted in PIM, March, I serve as director of the Pacific Islands Studies Program, which is one of several units within CAPS.

We were invited to Moscow by Dr Kim Vladimirovich Malakhovsky, the director of the Department of Pacific Studies, who had visited our campus last November. The following records some of our observations about the state of Pacific studies in the Soviet Union today.

The Department of Pacific Studies was founded by Malakhovsky, and he has been its only director. In addition to Malakhovsky, the department consists of 10 scholars who work full-time on research related to the Pacific region. While the Pacific region is defined to include the three culture areas of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia, as well as Australia and New Zealand, the emphasis until recently has been on the latter two.

Pacific studies is one of several ‘ ‘geographical ’ ’ departments in the Institute of Oriental Studies. Other such departments deal with other areas such as East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, etc. There are also “functional” departments such as economics, oriental languages, and linguistics. In the latter, at least one linguist is working on Pacific languages, particularly the generic relations among Polynesian languages.

In addition to the above, there is a separate Institute of Ethnography within the Academy of Sciences which has a number of anthropologists specialising in the traditional cultures of the Pacific. But we had no contact with them.

Returning to Pacific studies, a wide variety of research specialties are represented in the department itself: 1) social and political developments in the Pacific; 2) literature, art, and the region’s news media; 3) France in the Pacific; 4) economics of the region; 5) mineral and energy resources; 6) international relations and social and political problems; 7) education; 8) labor movements and organisations.

Malakhovsky is a director in the true sense of the word. He draws up a plan covering five or so years and assigns research projects. The operation resembles the “think tanks” found in the U.S., rather than the universities, where researchers have a penchant for going off on their own respective tangents.

While there has been a quite heavy focus on Australia and New Zealand and their roles in the region, there are definite signs that a shift of interest to the island Pacific is occurring. A year or so ago, the literature specialist moved away from Australian topics to study the work of indigenous Pacific writers. The economist, who recently completed a book on Australia’s economy, has now begun research on the economies of Pacific Island states. One of the A View from Honolulu Robert C. Kiste 25 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 THE MONTH

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specialists on politics has been examining decolonisation and the formation of the new independent states.

During World War 11, American social scientists, mainly anthropologists, conducted research on Japanese culture and behaviour through the analysis of Japanese films, literature, history, and other indirect and secondary sources. The technique came to be known as the “study of culture at a distance’’. It has similarities with the Soviet research program, and there are reasons why the linguist studies historical connections between languages. Research is almost, if not entirely, done in libraries, and researchers mainly depend upon Western publications.

The list of periodicals received by the department’s library reveals some serious gaps and its subscription to PIM does not always survive the mails between Sydney and Moscow. Not unexpectedly, periodicals received include a number of Leftist reviews which give some bias to the library’s holdings.

A commonly heard complaint is that Pacific countries do not allow entry to Soviet scholars.

The irony here, however, is that they have little opportunity to travel outside the USSR, and most have been limited to excursions in East European socialist states within the Soviet bloc. As far as could be determined, only Malakhovsky and one other fairly senior scholar (who is no longer with the department) have travelled in the Pacific, and even then, their travels were extremely limited and too brief to allow for any in-depth research.

Obviously, my Soviet collea- Continued on Page 73.

Western Samoa’s big Games deal Well-known Western Samoan journalist SANO MALIFA this month joins the ranks of PIM columnists keeping readers informed through “The Month”.

The Western Samoan government is determined that the Seventh South Pacific Games to be held in Apia on September 5- 16 are a big success. It is going into preparations diligently, and with both hands outstretched for help from friends in the world community.

The two main reasons government is plunging headlong into the Games’ organisation are: to dispel once and for all doubts that the country can host the Games, and to rake in foreign exchange in hopes it will help the country’s economic revival.

Faced with economic problems both externally and internally, the government is obviously viewing the Games as a rich source of much-needed foreign revenue. The Games’ Organising Committee alone expects to gross $1.2 million, while local businesses, including hotels, are on the alert for new ideas for as much money as possible to be made during the Games.

To ensure that the Games are a success, the government has put back the country’s annual independence anniversary Flag Raising Ceremonies from June 1 to be held together with the Games.

The idea is to provide incentives for Samoans living overseas to visit at the time.

But the postponement is not without its critics. Leader of the unofficial party and former prime minister Tupuola Efi is among them. Said he: “Independence celebrations will never be the same again. They have taken away sanctity from the occasion.

It means any future government may move the occasion to any day it likes.” But Prime Minister Tofilau Eti is unrepentant. He has instead gone ahead looking for assistance for the Games’ facilities from overseas countries. Although no final arrangement has yet been made, Tofilau has sought the assistance of the U.S. military for the Games catering services and accommodation. The United Nations Development Program is acting as the Games’ official caterer.

The first country to respond to Western Samoa’s call for help with the Games facilities two years ago was the People’s Republic of China. Tupuola Efi was prime minister at the time.

China gave a SUS 26 million interest-free loan to be paid back in 30 years, with a 10-year grace period. From that loan, $3.6 million went into construction of a gymnasium at the country’s national park, the Apia Park, where most of the sports will be held, plus a bowling green, two Dr Kim V. Malakhovsky (right), one of the few Soviet scholars to have visited the Pacific Islands. He is from the Institute of Oriental Studies, Moscow. He is shown here meeting Dr Klaus Mehnert during a visit to the University of Hawaii last year.

Samoa Report Sano Malifa on Western Samoa 27 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 THE MONTH

grandstands, athletics tracks and a car park. The rest of the loan from China is earmarked for agricultural development.

Other countries which have sent donations include; Australia $230,000; New Zealand $201,000; Canada $77,500; and the United States $75,000. According to Minister of Sports and Culture, Le Mamea Ropati, all these donations were being used on the upgrading of the government schools in Apia, turning them into dormitory-style accommodation for the athletes.

He said part of the money would also be used on emergency facilities.

Asked to comment on the Games organisation, the Games’

Organising Committee Executive Director Seiuli Paul Wallwork said they would be completed a month before the Games. He was determined that the Games would be a success. Said he; “This will be the most successful South Pacific Games ever. I have said that we will have the most enjoyable Games with an atmosphere of friendliness and satisfaction and that’s what we’ll have.”

On facilities for the athletes, Seiuli said they would be the best. “I have always stressed that there are two most important things for athletes: the food they eat and where they sleep. I have been to many South Pacific Games where those two things were not up to standard.”

Seiuli should know. He was three-times gold medallist in weightlifting in his class at the South Pacific Games. He was picked to head the Games’ Organising Committee from being principal of the government high school, Avele College. Seiuli said 2000 athletes from 20 countries would take part in the sports being offered. Of those countries, one, Micronesia is entering for the first time.

The sports are: Rugby union, soccer, netball, volleyball, boxing, squash, weightlifting, lawn tennis, table tennis, lawn bowls, athletics and basketball. All sports will be played at the Apia Park, except lawn tennis and squash which will be played at centres elsewhere.

The Games’ official carrier is Polynesian Airlines Operations Limited (PAOL) which Seiuli said has assisted the Games organisation “tremendously” with promotion, fund-raising and travel facilities.

In return for being named official carrier, PAOL has given assistance amounting to “well over $100,000” for the Games preparations. PAOL, on its own initiative, has engaged the services of Film Australia to do an official film of the Games.

But the smooth running of the Games does not guarantee complete success, argue critics. They point out that there will be problems in accommodation and in transport for visitors to the Games. Of the 300 hotel rooms available, three-quarters had already been taken by mid-June.

One hotel, the Tiafau Hotel, was already fully booked by the delegation from French Polynesia. It had also booked the entire car fleet of one of the three main car rental services.

To assess the range of accommodation facilities that could be made available, the government’s tourist bureau has organised a committee whose job is to seek out landlords who have houses which could be rented out during the Games. The committee has placed advertisements in the local papers but it is not yet clear what its findings have been.

Samoans who will visit during the Games, will have no problems with transport or accommodation. The critics agree they will be staying with their families to whom they have been sending back “lots of money”.

Whether the Games will be the total success the government wants them to be will not be known until they are held.

Though one thing will be made clear then. Hosting the Games means playing host to everyone who comes over to watch them.

Sano Malifa.

Top: Entrance to the wooded park and its mountain backdrop, where the main games events will be held. The partlybuilt entrance gate in this picture has since been completed. Above: The gymnasium at Apia Park, built with assistance from the Peoples Republic of China. - Samoa Observer pictures. 28 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 THE MONTH

Droughts And Storms

The weather of ’83: ‘We’re facing the unknown’ - U.S. scientist Put simply, in this year’s extraordinary worldwide weather pat- ♦ * *u *• . terns, at the time ram should have been falling in the western Pacific, it was deluging the eastem Pacific.

In the west, the Philippines, the islands of Micronesia, the island continent of Australia, and island nations such as Fiji, experienced one of their worst-ever droughts. In the east, floods ravaged several South American countries, and French Polynesia, which normally experiences eyelones about once in 100 years, suffered six, with their torrential rains, over the space of four months.

Eugene Rasmusson, chief of the diagnostic branch of the climate analysis centre of the U.S.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), says; "We are so far over the previous records they are not even close". In some cases the records are 300 per cent more than previously.

At the core of the analysis made by climatologists of the unprecedented IWS3 weather patterns is the phenomenon known as Id Nine, or "Christ On Id". named such b\ South Amenc, fishermen because normally begins near Christmas, when abnormally warm and planktonfree waters ruin their fishing grounds.

As scientists describe it, El Nino is a little-understood event which drastically alters one of the main pillars of the world weather system.

Three places around the world near Indonesia, over Southern Africa, and over the Amazon basin generate much of the world’s weather.

They are called spots of “convergence” and exist over large areas where the water or land is quite warm. The warmth from the ground rises rapidly, creating great updrafts. The upward movement of air currents pulls in nearby air masses.

The convergence centre in the southwest Pacific off Indonesia is said to be one of the most powerful but least stable. (It is pointed out that other convergence centres stand against mountain ranges and other topographical features that hold them in place).

Scientists say it is the breakdown of the convergence centre off Indonesia and Australia, and its reformation thousands of kilometres away towards South America, that has caused the 1983 weather patterns in the Pacific.

When the convergence centre moves towards South America it Palms lie broken, buildings are unroofed and damaged materials litter the ground in this picture on Tikehau Atoll in French Polynesia following the most recent of the cyclones.

The settlement was badly damaged. - Les Nouvelles picture. (Below) On the other side of the Pacific the drought in Palau has dried out hilltops and undergrowth. 29 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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takes rain away from Australia and the western Pacific and dumps it instead on Pacific islands and the South American coast.

Mr Rasmusson said in June that although it was long past the time when El Nino should have ended, torrential rains and scorching drought beyond all records continued in South America and other continents. Other meteorological signs, such as sea surface temperatures off South America, remained unusually high, more than 10 degrees above normal.

At the same time, one indicator air pressure was almost back to normal in the South Pacific, where El Nino weather patterns are centred.

Mr Rasmusson said; “It is unbelievable to me that we can keep going with these two counter-trends. Either we will go back to more normal patterns, or we will have two years of El Nino back to back, something that is without precedent”.

As for predictions of which way the weather will go, Mr Rasmusson said: “It’s all speculation.

“We are in no-man’s land because this is so far beyond anything we have experienced, an event so intense and so extreme that we can’t predict what will happen next”.

Report from droughtstricken Micronesia In Micronesia, drought this year has brought heavy crop damage and serious public health problems, including an increase in infectious hepatitis.

A visiting U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency team was told in June that some islands are running out of drinking water, at least a quarter of the food crops have been lost, and half the coconut harvest, the major cash crop, has been affected.

The agency was considering whether an emergency should be declared in the Federated States of Micronesia islands of Ponape, Truk, Yap and Kosrae, Mr Ehson Johnson, the agency’s disaster control officer, said at the time.

In Guam, with a population of 110,000, officials planned to shut off the water to selected villages one day a week to conserve dwindling water supplies.

Also, grass fires have been posing a major problem.

A report prepared for the agency says that on Yap, which normally receives 279 cm of rain a year, only 13.2 cm had fallen since January 1. Water for the 5500 residents of the FSM capital, Kolonia, was being pumped from a swamp, trucked to town and chlorinated before distribution, Mr Johnson said.

Yap’s subsistence crops have been reduced by 25 per cent. If the drought continued for another month, about 85 per cent of the crop would be lost, Mr Johnson said. In the outer islands of Yap, where about 3200 people live, supplementary feeding programs have been started.

Coconut exports are expected to be down 50 per cent this year, Mr Johnson said.

In Truk, where 42,000 people are still recovering from a cholera outbreak last year, health officials report that diarrhoea cases are at a “near epidemic stage” and hepatitis is on the rise.

There is not enough water for adequate sanitation, officials said.

In the Mortlock Islands of Truk, population 10,000, all wells have been contaminated by salt water and are drying during low tides, officials said. The Mortlock taro crop is mostly inedible and the breadfruit supply close to exhaustion.

Ponape, which usually receives 457 cm of rain a year, had received only 18 cm since December. A slight increase in infectious hepatitis cases and a major increase in diarrhoea has occurred since the drought began. Ponape Hospital had stopped all but emergency surgery because of the shortage of water, and all public schools had been closed since April.

Yap in the FSM feels the drought: Grassfires swept to the edge of the satellite ground station (above) nearing completion near Yap airport, and exposed relics of World War II (below right). With domestic water supplies badly hit scores of vehicles call daily at the weather staion (lower) to obtain water from underground pumping. - Jack Haden pictures. 31 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

Droughts And Storms

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Official Document On Moruroa Tests

Half-truths, glaring omissions, downright lies, critics claim MARIE-THERESE and BENGT DANIELSSON subject a recent statement released by the French embassy in Canberra (RIM Jun p3l) on nuclear testing at Moruroa Atoll, French Polynesia, to rigorous analysis and are notably unimpressed with what they find in it.

Arch-conservative French presidents of the past de Gaulle, Pompidou and Giscard reacted to criticism of the Moruroa nuclear tests by wrapping themselves in a cloak of haughty official silence. The present pseudo-socialist government of President Mitterrand, which took over the reins of power in May 1981, seemed keen from the start to break with this offensive “nocomment” policy.

The first to preach the doctrine of a “Pacific dialogue” was the new Defence Minister, Charles Hemu, who, during a visit to French Polynesia in August 81 (PIM Oct ’Bl p 22), made the following eminently sensible statement: “The press must be informed about security problems. If there is an accident (at Moruroa) it is better to the let the truth be known than to let all sorts of rumors spread. Nothing must be hidden that affects the health of the population. When New Zealand and Australia ask for information, we shall supply it.”

For one reason or another, it has taken the French Government 18 months to come good on this promise. But, finally, all French embassies in the Pacific region have begun distributing lengthy statements to the press on the Moruroa tests. The one released by the French embassy in Canberra (PIM Jun p3l) deals in impressive detail with various aspects of the testing program, and the possible health hazards arising from it. The happy conclusion reached by the authors at the close of almost every paragraph is that, unlike the American, British, Russian and Chinese tests, the explosion of 96 atomic bombs at Moruroa and Fangataufa has not given rise to the slightest harmful radioactive fall-out. This highly selfcongratulatory document merits a close, point-by-point analysis. 1. What France does in French Polynesia is nobody else’s business, because France owns these islands. To start off with an arrogant statement of this sort is certainly not suggestive of a high degree of diplomatic finesse, to say the least of it, especially in view of the fact that all Pacific leaders most definitely believe that they have a right and a duty to protest against any nuclear pollution of their territories. As many readers will recall, it was this form of environmental aggression which was the basis of the complaint lodged with the International Court of Justice at the Hague by the Australian and New Zealand Governments in 1973. It was also the basis of the attitude adopted by all West African governments in the early 19605, when their territories were exposed to radio-active clouds from the French nuclear tests in the Sahara desert, which France “owned” until Algeria won its independence.

This general disapproval led to the transfer of the tests to Moruroa and Fangataufa and a long series of protests from all Polynesian leaders, accompanied by appeals to France to stop testing atomic weapons in their islands. 2. The nuclear tests are an essential part of France’s defence policy. Perhaps. But this is beside the point, since the elected representatives of the Polynesian people, sitting in the Territorial Assembly, have never sought to interfere with French defence policy. All they ask of the French Government is that they conduct their tests guaranteed as perfectly harmless by all their own experts in France. 3. Radio-activity is carefully monitored by the French army and Atomic Energy Commission. As in Australia and New Zealand, there exists in France a National Radiation Laboratory.

But, strangely enough, this government agency has never been permitted to undertake any radiation studies whatever in French Polynesia. Instead, the two bodies responsible for the nuclear testing program the army and the AEC evaluate the health hazards resulting from them. In other words, the accused sits in judgement on his own case. Similar, the territory’s health department is headed by an army doctor with the rank of general, and the so-called public hospital at Mamao, Papeete, is likewise mn by army doctors. 4. For the whole of 1982, all personnel on Moruroa Atoll collectively received a radiation dose of only 4800 mrems.

Sweeping statements of this kind are meaningless, especially as no information is supplied about seasonal variations, and the particularly hot spots.

The only way to get a fairly accurate picture of the extent of nuclear pollution at Moruroa is to study the well-documented report prepared by the people most directly involved the French technicians connected with the socialist trade union federation CFDT, who live and work on the atoll.

This frightening report dated October 19, 1981, reveals among other things that the north coast of the atoll is impregnated with lethal plutonium whose half-life is 24,000 years; that the pile of nuclear waste which has been allowed to accumulate on the reef covers an area of 30,000 square metres; and that there are numerous faults in the atoll, showing that much underground seepage and leakage must have taken place. Further details were furnished at the time by the leading Australian newspapers. Our own summary of the CFDT report appeared in PIM, January, 1982. 5. The air pollution at Moruroa is practically nil, as anyone can find out for themselves. With blinding scientific precision, the French embassy in Canberra records that in 1981, “alpha element radio-activity as expressed in femto-curies per cubic metre of air” was only three in Moruroa, three in Tahiti, but 25 at Montlhery near Paris, and a scary 106 in Senegal. This may well explain why so many Frenchman and Africans have migrated to French Polynesia in recent years. But as an indication of the level of air pollution it is worthless since it leaves unanswered such basic questions as: How many samples were taken, and where, on the atoll? If this is the annual average, what were the maximum and minimum figures? And so on . . .

Particularly puzzling is the accompanying assertion that air pollution “can easily be checked by anybody with basic equipment taking samples outside territorial waters downwind from Mururoa”.

Even if a private citizen managed to sneak into the restricted zones around Momma and Fangataufa the proposed observations would be of very little interest today, considering that atmospheric testing was abandoned eight years ago!

Any meaningful observations would have to be made by medical doctors systematically examining representative samples of the whole population of French Polynesia. If French army doctors have ever made any 33 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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Address .Tel: such thorough health survey, the results have never been published. 6. No sea pollution has occurred, as proved by the fact that military and civilian personnel at Moruroa are allowed to go swimming in the lagoon.

Swimming has not always been permitted, and what is more the French technicians who wrote the CFDT report believe that the ban should never have been lifted. There is also the tragic case of former Governor Jean Sicurani. He often went swimming in the lagoon in a period when megatonne H-bombs were being exploded and eventually died of leukemia. He could also, of course, have been contaminated at many other places in the test area which are above water . . .

It is in any case quite ridiculous to pretend that personnel swimming in the lagoon during their leisure hours could know anything about the amount of damage and pollution that have occurred in the base of the atoll at a depth of 600-1000 metres, where the bombs are exploded. We may ask: who measures the plutonium and carbon- -14 which slowly sink to the bottom of the ocean only to reemerge years later through the food chain at the surface? It is high time for Captain Cousteau and his bathyscape to be stationed permanently at Moruroa to carry out regular “indepth” studies. 7. Data regularly sent to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), plus those collected by a “UN Antenna” in French Polynesia, prove conclusively that the tests are harmless. The truth is quite different. If we examine not only the French reports, but also the minutes of the UN- SCEAR meetings, we shall immediately find that committee members are constantly complaining about “the paucity of the data” supplied, which makes it impossible for them to reach “any valid conclusions”. Readers interested in the subject will find a more searching analysis of the annual reports sent by France to UNSCEAR in our book Moruroa, mon amour (Penguin 1977).

As for the so-called “UN Antenna”, it is simply the same old army laboratory in Tahiti, renamed Laboratoire d’ etude et de surveillance de V environnement, and its only connection with the UN is that it gathers the highly unsatisfactory data from which the above-mentioned inadequate reports are put together.

But, talking of UN reports, there is also one marked A/35/392, dated September 12, 1980. It was especially prepared for the UN by the prestigious International Commission on Radiological Protection, and predicts that no fewer than 15,000 people in the southern hemisphere will eventually die as a result of radiation doses received from all American, British, and French nuclear tests. The fact that the number of victims will be 10 times higher in the more densely populated northern hemisphere is no consolation.

Not a word is said in the French Moruroa report about this important UN document. 8. The number of cancer cases in French Polynesia is in no way higher than in other parts of the world. In support of this bold statement, France’s Canberra embassy presents a table of statistics headed “Cases of Cancer in French Polynesia”.

The figures given are: 62 in 1977, 65 in 1978, 85 in 1979, 58 in 1980, and 71 in 1981, which represents an incidence of about 50 cases per 100,000 population.

This compares very favorably indeed with the averages for Australia (106), France (175), and New Zealand (264). Wonderful, if it were true.

Actually, the statistics published by the French embassy do not show the total number of cancer cases in French Polynesia (as the heading would have us believe). They show only the number of cases treated in the Namao government hospital, and one small private hospital in Papeete.

Conspicuously lacking are data concerning cancer patients treated by: The 80 doctors in private practice who, until a few months ago, had no obligation to provide information on such matters; the Polynesian healers and various quacks; the special hospital for military and civilian personnel on Moruroa, where all data are top secret; the doctors in France who are consulted by former servicemen discharged after serving in French Polynesia for shorter or longer periods. (A parallel with this last category is provided by the belated discovery in the U.S. and Australia that servicemen present during nuclear testing in Nevada and at Maralinga were contaminated to such an extent that they got cancer.) Finally, there are large numbers of people living in remote islands of French Polynesia where there are no doctors at all, and who consequently die from all sorts of diseases, including cancer, without receiving any medical treatment at all.

Yet, in the French embassy statement, a glaringly incomplete collection of figures is compared with the overwhelmingly more comprehensive and reliable cancer statistics kept by countries like Australia, France and New Zealand, and the totally unwarranted conclusion is drawn that the rate in French Polynesia is much lower.

This is an unabashed attempt to deceive the governments and peoples of the South Pacific, no more and no less.

It should also be noted that it was precisely because of the absence of reliable health statistics in French Polynesia that the World Health Organisation in 1981 pressed the local health authorities to start a cancer register on the internationally approved model. Sad to say, it is still in its development stages. 9. The most common form of cancer is lung cancer, and the cause is heavy smoking.

Once again, the statistics are reassuring only because they are so outrageously incomplete. The only good thing about this part of the statement is that the embassy has refrained from repeating the preposterous claim of the local health department in French Polynesia that heavy smoking is the sole cause of all cancer cases.

Is it really necessary to point out that all medical research points to the fact that the worst thing about exposure to radiation is that it 34 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

French Nuclear Tests

lowers the general level of resistance of its victims, who thus are rendered more liable to contract all manner of deseases, and to die younger? 10. Reliable statistics on the number of cancer patients evacuated to hospitals overseas are readily available. This is simply not true. For example, if we take the New Zealand figure of 13 in 1982, it represents only the cancer patients sent there by the territorial health department, and thus excludes the much greater number who paid out of their own pockets for the trip and treatment in New Zealand. Although this country is the destination of most Polynesian cancer victims who can afford a trip abroad, others, also go to Hawaii, the U.S. mainland, and France.

The most interesting conclusion to be drawn from the official figures concerns the gradual reduction of cancer patients despatched by the territorial health department to New Zealand (39 in 1979 as against 13 in 1982), and the simultaneous increase in the number sent for treatment at military hospitals in France (18 in 1979 as against 49 in 1982).

The explanation for all this is undoubtedly the inquisitive nature of the New Zealand press, which has no counterpart in metropolitan France.

Fully aware of the worthlessness of all these official “health certificates” and bland asurances, the 30 elected members of French Polynesia’s Territorial Assembly have repeatedly asked for an independent investigation of the health situation in the territory. The last time they made such a formal request was in December 1981, when they unanimously adopted a resolution setting up a scientific committee of inquiry composed of impartial, civilian French and foreign radio-biologists and doctors, and establishing a territorial radiation laboratory.

Up to now, the French Government has done all in its power to prevent implemenation of this decision.

Its latest trick has been to send presidential adviser Regis Debray to invite on its own terms “special observers’’ from a number of Pacific countries to make a quick conducted tour of the nuclear testing site. Fortunately, the new majority leader in French Polynesia, Gaston Flosse, refuses to be sidetracked in this manner. He is inviting a dozen or so heavily qualified and independent-minded radiobiologists and doctors to sign up for the thorough-going health survey which alone and at long last can establish the whole truth.

Marie-Thérèse and Bengt Danielsson.

French Army Map

A hitherto unpublished official French army map of Moruroa in June 1980 (this page) shows the extensive pollution and damage done to the 30-x-10-kilometre atoll until that time and the situation could hardly have improved since then. The black blobs mark the spots where 53 underground tests had been carried out since 1975. The spaces between the test pits are rarely more than 500 metres. The words zone tres contaminee on the north coast refer to the portion of the reef impregnated with lethal plutonium with a half-life of 24,400 years. In 1980 there was also an enormous pile of nuclear garbage timber, iron, tools, clothing, and so on on the northeast coast. According to the report prepared by French technicians associated with the French trade union federation CFDT, who had been employed on Moruroa, the pile covered 30,000 square metres. The accuracy of this report was confirmed by Defence Minister Charles Hemu in a speech in the National Assembly on December 9, 1981.

However, no information has been supplied by French authorities as to what happened to this pyramid of nuclear waste during the first four months of 1983 when five cyclones swept over or passed near Moruroa.

The thick black lines show the longitudinal faults (fissures ) caused by the 53 underground explosions, and the lightly shaded ones lateral faults. The hatched areas are off-limits to the 3000 men and 12 women employed on the atoll whose living quarters at the extreme eastern end of the atoll represent only a tenth of the total area. Near this village is the building where the bombs are put together ( bdtiment fabrication bombe atomique).

The words peche interdite mean that all fishing in the lagoon is prohibited. It is in the eastern portion of the lagoon, about 30 metres deep, that a drilling platform was erected in 1980, and all tests are now being made there, still a depth varying between 600 and 1000 metres. 35 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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TROPICALITIES Tribute to the Solomons’

Kuai Maueha About 100 people attended the opening of an exhibition of the work of Solomon Islands artist Kuai Mauecha in Honiara on May 15, the second anniversary of his death.

The exhibition was financed by the Australian South Pacific Cultures Fund, and was open to the public at the Australian High Commission building from May 15 to June 3.

Formally opening the exhibition, Solomon Islands Minister for Education, Training and Cultural Affairs Michael Evo thanked and congratulated Australian High Commissioner Trevor Sofield for his sponsoring of the exhibition, which had been set up by the writers of this report.

The attendance at the opening and the minister’s words of admiration and support differed markedly from the poor response in 1974 when an exhibition of Kuai’s outstanding work was mounted at the Solomon Islands National Museum by Anna Craven. It took nearly two years for this significant change in appreciation to develop, encouraged in particular by the interest of individuals connected with the University of the South Pacific, especially Dr John Chick and Professor Albert Wendt.

In addition to a core of work left by Kuai when he died mostly carvings, but some drawings a number of sculptures and items of copperwork were lent by individuals resident in Solomon Islands and overseas.

Pieces were flown in for the exhibition by Air Pacific from Australia, New Zealand and Fiji.

It was not possible to get back some of his best pieces now in California. But photos were sent instead.

Three of his largest works were found damaged and dumped in a small garden shed amidst tall grass at the Betikama Carving Centre at the Seventh-day Adventist headquarters, where Kuai worked for some time, and were carefully restored. It might have been possible to bring in many more sculptures and coppers had the Betikama Carving Centre kept a careful record of the purchasers of Kuai’s works.

The generous and helpful response from people and institutions was a fitting tribute to Kuai who well deserves to be recognised and remembered as an artist of note in the South Pacific region.

All those who knew Kuai speak very highly and warmly of him, and he emerges not only as a very creative and talented artist but also as a unique personality.

Considering his late start as an artist, he was a prolific one, seemingly never short of ideas.

He poured out what could almost be described as a stream of pure, untrammelled creativeness. A very few of his carvings give the impression that the subject or form might have been suggested by other people. But these appear rather stilted, and are easy to distinguish from his true flowing work, the definitive form of which often must have been inspired by the piece of timber itself.

It is perhaps difficult from this exhibition to see a particular trend or development in his work as there was no selection according to year or phase all works available have been exhibited and the dates of most are not recorded. It can only be stated that Kuai was working with copper for a period from the end of 1977 to 1979.

It is easier to divide his carvings into the more, or less, successful. There were times when he added much shell inlay to his work (probably an earlier tendency), other times when he variously stained, burnt or polished the piece, or left his pieces, very successfully, entirely unpolished or ungamished.

There were times when Kuai, like most Solomon Islands carvers, felt the urgent need to earn money and therfore to turn out something akin to “airport art” which more readily sold to everyday tourists. It is this need to earn a living that hampers the development of contemporary art in the Solomons, and handicaps many individuals who might otherwise explore their own talents and abilities, being as they are, not quite so single-minded or totally immersed in their craft as was Kuai, nor so suggestive to dreams and stories.

Kuai Maueha was about 48 when he died in hospital in Honiara on May 15, 1981, from heart failure following a fall from a tree.

He was bom into the Tongaba sub-clan of the main Kaitu’u clan (sa'a) of Bellona (Mungiki), at a time when Christianity was being introduced. He was the first of two sons bom to Maueha by his first wife Utuika. At an early age he fell and severely damaged his spine, an injury which affected him for life. One of his biggest disappointments was his failure to find a wife, and he would always help others whose marriages were encountering difficulties. He was a very religious Seventh-day Adventist and loved to preach to young people about his church, and often studied his Bible.

As an artist he was not truly recognised by his nation and it is sad to think that most of his better works, created at the peak of his career in the 19705, are overseas. Although he tried wood-carving in 1962, he did not become serious about it until 1969 when in Western Solomons. He then moved to Honiara where he continued to produce carvings and in 1972 turned up at the Betikama Carving Centre, at the Seventh-day Adventist headquarters just outside the town.

During this period his carvings gradually became known, and a number of individuals recognised his talent. His first solo exhibition was held at the National Museum in October 1974. In 1976 he participated in a University of the South Pacific Centre workshop on art and dance in Honiara where he was introduced to line drawing and other techniques. This was followed by three months as artist-in-residence at the University of the South Pacif- Artist and his work: Kuai Maueha poses with some of his sculptures. The photograph was taken in Honiara not long before his death. 37 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY-AUGUST, 1983

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South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency Invites applications for the following positions

Deputy Director

Fisheries Development Officer

Senior Economist

The Agency was established in 1979 by the South Pacific Forum to co-ordinate and harmonise regional fisheries policies and to promote the development of living marine resources so as to ensure that maximum benefits are achieved by the People of the Region. The Agency’s current members are the governments of Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru. New Zealand. Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga. Tuvalu. Vanuatu and Western Samoa, Marshall Islands and Palau also participate in regional programmes.

The Deputy Director will be responsible to the Director for the conduct and co-ordination of the Agency’s technical activities. Applicants should have a background of proven experience in administration and leadership of multi-disciplinary professional staff. It is highly desirable that the appointee should have a postgraduate qualification in a recognised fisheries discipline and extensive work experience in fisheries.

The Fisheries Development Officer will be required to provide advice on commercial and operational aspects of projects and programmes aimed at promoting the development of the marine resources of the region. The appointee shall have experience as an advisor on fisheries development policy or operations and should have an extensive knowledge on relevant technical, operational and commercial aspects of the major fisheries of the region.

The Senior Economist should be able to provide advice and undertake economic analyses on aspects of fisheries regulation and promotion of the development of fisheries resources in the region.

The appointee will lead a small team involved in areas such as monitoring trends in the markets for the marine resources of the region, evaluating proposed fisheries development projects, and providing advice and analysis on the regulation of foreign fishing operations in the region.

QUALIFICATIONS Candidates should have a successful tertiary education/ technical background combined with a record of achievement in their particular field of expertise. As these positions are most challenging and demanding, personal qualities of initiative and resourcefulness of a high order are also sought.

GENERAL Tuna resource and industry related experience would be of considerable advantage and preference will be given to citizens of Forum countries.

Terms And Conditions Of Employment

Appointees will be based in Honiara but will be required to travel within the South Pacific Region, A tax free salary at a regional level applies, with attractive transportation, housing, child and educational allowances, recreation leave and superannuation provisions.

Applications and enquiries should be addressed to: The Director, Forum Fisheries Agency PO Box 629, Honiara, Solomon Islands Applications should detail education and employment background together with particulars of three referees with whom the applicant has been associated in a professional capacity.

Closing Date: 31 August 1983 ic in Suva. Other Pacific Islanders were able to experience his creativity at this time and some of his major works now remain elsewhere in the Pacific. As a follow-up to this, he worked for some months during 1978 at the USP Centre in Honiara, and his work was on exhibition there.

Up to this time he had been working mostly as an employed carver at the Betikama Carving Centre. Betikama provided a secure communal environment for him, as well as an overseas outlet for his creations. He was introduced to working in copper there and explored that medium for some months. But he had a much more spontaneous sense for creating in timber, according to the shape and inspiration each piece gave him, and he soon returned to this medium.

Each individual form, every group of figures or heads, has a complex story associated with it, often based on biblical themes or traditional Polynesian stories from his native Bellona. It is extremely unfortunate that the mass of the pieces exhibited have lost their personal account.

Kuai Maueha died only partially recorded, his creativity and complex imagination represented only in three-dimensional symbols and not, regrettably, on paper as a story-teller. He was not just a carver many people did not understand or appreciate his art. He was a unique artist of considerable abstract vision.

More or less self-taught, his originality was totally uninfluenced by any school of art, and his work often displayed a strong sense of humor behind his religious faith. Although this fact is not widely acknowledged, his death was a great loss to Solomon Islands.

A. V. Steven son and A . Craven .

Palmyra murder appeal rejected A federal appeals court in San Francisco in May refused to dismiss murder charges against Buck Walker and Stephanie Steams, who are charged with killing a San Diego woman on Palmyra atoll, in the northern Line Islands, almost nine years ago (PIM Sep ’Bl p 23).

In an order filed in California on May 31, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals rejected defence arguments that the indictments should be dismissed because Walker and Steams had already been convicted of felonies related to the murder, Walker’s attorney Earle A, Partington said.

Partington said he received word of the appeals court decision which he called a “disgrace” in the mail.

He said he and attorneys for Steams will ask the U.S. Supreme Court for a hearing on the matter.

Walker and Steams, his former girlfriend, were arrested in Honolulu in 1974 after they showed up in a 10 m yacht owned by Malcolm Graham and his wife, Eleanor.

A subsequent search of Palmyra by Coast Guard and FBI officials turned up no trace of the Grahams that year. Walker and Steams were convicted in federal court a year later of stealing the Grahams’ yacht, Sea Wind.

Both defendants went to prison. Walker later escaped and was recaptured in Arizona.

Meanwhile, in 1981, skeletal remains later identified as those of Eleanor Graham were washed up on a beach in the Palmyra lagoon. Walker and Exhibition pieces by Kuai Maueha: Above is one of his copper beatings, a form he used for only a brief period. The others are carvings in wood. 40 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 TROPICALITIES

Steams were then indicted for her murder. No trace of her husband has ever been found.

In arguments before the appeals court in April, Steams’ attorney, Leonard Wineglass, argued that prosecuting her on the murder charge constituted “double jeopardy” since she had already been convicted of theft.

Partington argued that even though Walker’s theft conviction was later thrown out because he was denied a speedy trial, his client could not be tried for murder because the theft charge was a “lesser included offence” that is inherently part of the murder indictment.

Walker and Steams have always maintained that the Grahams drowned while fishing in the atoll’s lagoon. Walker remains in federal prison.

Steams now lives in California.

Raro’s golfing hour of glory The Rarotonga Golf Club has achieved fame (or notoriety?) because of the charms (or fiendish devilry?) of its well-kept ninehole course set among the masts, stays and anchor pads of the wireless aerial farm at Black Rock.

The club in June realised a long-cherished ambition when it acted as the first host club in the 1983 Pro-Am Golf Tournament Pacific Circuit.

A very full program was organised for the visiting professionals and amateurs and local players over the four days June 24-27.

A total of SNZ 10,000 in prize money was available in prizes for the professionals, and a wide range of prizes were there to be won by successful amateurs.

After competing at Rarotonga, visiting golfers had the choice of continuing to take part in the circuit by moving on to French Polynesia, American Samoa, Western Samoa, and Fiji.

Incidentally, course record holder at the time of the tournament was none other the Cook Islands Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry. His record figure was 64, for two rounds of nine holes.

Bill Coppell.

Democracy, or Dem a’ crazy?

The deportation from Vanuatu earlier this year of Englishwoman Christine Coombe (PIM May pi 7, June pi 1), and the consequent closure of the small weekly paper known as Voice of Vanuatu, generated considerable heat.

While critics of the deportation have been given wide media coverage, the same cannot be said for those who strongly supported it.

One such person is Grace Mera Molisa whose verses on the subject were printed in the last issue of Voice of Vanuatu. Ms Molisa has now requested PIM to reproduce them. Slightly shortened for legal reasons, they appear below.

Freedom of the Press is a shining jewel in the crown of any Democracy.

What is Democracy? is it something to cherish?

Or is it Dem a’ crazy?

So-called “Democracy” is wielded over our heads like a guillotine by a handful of corrupt and power-hungry, dissident, misfit, tools of multi-nationals distorting truth via stacking a biased paper.

Who is to say that the Australian, Fijian or any other brand of Democracy is any better than our Democracy?

Our own system of Consensus is more democratic than the dictatorship of the vote against the minority.

What Freedom of Speech is there in Freedom of the Press when my individual and human rights are denied in the unbalanced and twisted information hawked by a one-sided Press?

The other side of the coin of Freedom is Responsiblity and Dignity . . .

Our democracy bom of consensus is the outcome of personal conversation confronting consulting and consolidating a political position by means of direct dialogue ensuring a balanced insight derived from equitably expressed views conductive to complete understanding and harmonious existence in a common community.

What right has the dictatorship of an outsider, Australia, Fiji, or World Press to interfere in the internal politics of our sovereign state by aiding and abetting dissent and disorder pre-empting the decisions we on our own accord by Constitutional right and sovereign duty should freely make?

This paternalistic and condescending tenth-rate journalist of capitalist media is here purely to tarnish and taint our original Thought and Life-style in the consumptive and acquisitive interests of capitalist economic expansion.

The hardest slap in the face for every Ni Vanuatu 41 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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P.O. Box 271, Miisons Point, Sydney, N.S.W. Australia, 2061. Telex 24432. and the entire Republic is the impudence of this person presuming to be our mouthpiece.

We Ni Vanuatu can run our own Independent Newspaper in the same way We attained political Independence and many other achievements since!

Knowing a bunch of school dropouts is no ground to claim Ni Vanuatu cannot write nor run newspapers.

Government prohibits and deports undesirable aliens in the same way Mother England “Champion” America antiquated France and riff raff Aussie do for security reasons except we are more humane patient and compassionate.

The law exists to provide for Newspapers as in any Democracy.

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These are, the frank, personal opinions, of my authentic autochthonous Ni Vanuatu Self.

Ancient garden under threat Archeologists at the National Museum of Papua New Guinea are pushing to have an ancient Western Highlands garden site, which also contains a number of traditional buildings, declared a World Heritage area.

Environment writer for The Sydney Morning Herald, Joseph Glascott, reports: One of the oldest gardens in the world, dating back 9000 years, and traditional buildings, including a cult house which no one can enter, are threatened in Papua New Guinea.

The garden has been discovered by archeologists of the Australian National University in the Western Highlands of PNG near Mt Hagen.

The archeologists have uncovered drainage and ditch lines which show that 9000 years ago Papua New Guineans were among the world’s first gardeners.

The difficult problems of preserving such historic and natural wonders were explained to delegates to the UNESCO Regional Conference on Historic Places at Sydney University in May.

Archeological work in Kuk Swamp in the Wahgi Valley has found that people were planting crops in the area as soon as it was warm enough after the close of the last Ice Age.

The only comparable finds have been made in Western Asia, Southeast Asia and Central America.

Miss Pamela Swadling, the Australian curator of prehistory at the National Museum of Papua New Guinea, said the garden was threatened by development of a tea plantation and cassava plantation by the Government’s Primary Industry Department.

The museum wanted the garden preserved.

“But the Papua New Guinea Government and its Primary Industry Department do not have the funds or the interest to preserve the area,” she said.

“The local people do not appreciate the great historical significance of the garden.

“We need people from other parts of the world to support us in having the garden declared a World Heritage area.”

Miss Swadling and Mr Theodore Mawe, of the prehistory department of the museum, said the traditional buildings, especially the religious buildings, of Papua New Guinea, were in danger of being lost by neglect.

“The power of the old religions has declined with the inroads of Christianity,” Miss Swadling said. 42 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 TROPICALITIES

Political Currents

New Caledonia

“An extraordinary challenge to human intelligence”

ALAIN ROLLAT, associate chief of the political service of the leading French daily Le Monde, was in New Caledonia earlier this year to cover the visit of GEORGES LEMOINE, France’s secretary of state for overseas departments and territories. The accompanying text is a translation of an article he wrote in the June issue of the Noumea-based French language monthly, 30 Jours.

The great merit of the speech delivered by the Secretary of State for Overseas Departments and Territories in Noumea on May 20 was that it faced the inhabitants of New Caledonia squarely with their responsibilities.

No metropolitan Frenchman, not even the president of the Republic himself, holds the key to the future of this beautiful South Pacific land. Mr Georges Lemoine was right in saying straight out: the future of New Caledonia will be what local Europeans and Kanaks make of it.

What will they make of it?

No fair-minded person of democratic, republican persuasion can: • Question the legitimacy of the nationalist aspirations of the Kanak community. It is a good thing that the broad French Left has a record of activity on issues of human rights and social justice in New Caledonia. French society has debts to the Melanesian community which must be paid. • Ignore the rights of the Europeans who, by the whim of fate, were bom in New Caledonia, be they descendants of convicts, of deported activists of the 1870 Paris Commune, or of rebels from Algeria’s Kabylia.

French society has historic obligations with regard to these people. • Ignore the legitimacy of the message emerging from every local election: so far there is simply no majority in New Caledonia in favor of independence for the territory. • Accept that, under cover of nationalism, the militant struggle for the emancipation of the Kanak community, pressed by extremist minorities, should one day end up substituting despotism for justice. • Tolerate the humble conditions of life of Europeans “in the bush” being used as a political alibi by the front men of the local conservative Right who, for their part, happily and habitually substitute the spirit of jingoism for French national spirit. • Endorse the Kanak argument that the right to selfdetermination should belong to Kanaks alone. In supporting such an argument, with its overtones of apartheid, the leaders of the independence movement are doing no service to their cause. One cannot fight inequalities by instituting new inequalities.

The New Caledonian question represents an extraordinary challenge to human intelligence.

May I, without prejudice, be permitted to make an observation. As one who has knocked about this wretched planet of ours quite a bit, I believe there is a great danger of the New Caledonian population lapsing into a state of permanent contemplation of its own navel. However formidable it may be, this New Caledonian question seems too often to be posed in terms which are in many respects outmoded in these days of the end of the 20th century.

Here are communities who have lived together for more than a century on this small “pebble” of theirs, who have the opportunity of achieving much together in this part of the world, and who by the diversity of their origins represent a melting-pot of humanity, replete with a thousand hopes. Yet they are squandering their energies in conflicts of an intensity which often seems utterly disproportionate to the common challenge they face. It’s all the more so when one remembers that the whole thing can almost be reduced to a village squabble, considering the numbers involved. A hundred and forty thousand people on the boil! It’s hardly the population of a decent-sized town in Europe or other parts One sometimes feel that if the inhabitants of New Caledonia put as much effort into ensuring the economic and social development of their territory, in a spirit of tolerance and equity, as they do into arguing the point about independence, a number of false problems would just evaporate.

Has Mr Lemoine’s speech created some new, salutary, state of shock? We should soon know.

Logically, the leaders of the Ralliement Pour la Caledonie dans la Republice (RCPR) should simply forget the argument about the territory being “dumped” which they have been using up to now.

Will the pro-independence leaders on their side of the fence have the courage of moderation?

May one dare to hope that at this point in human history, when one after the other the political “models” be they American, Soviet, Cuban or Chinese are dying off, New Caledonia will show that it has enough folk of good sense for people in future to be able to say that here, in this far-off land, which most of the world’s inhabitants do not even know exists, the process of decolonisation departed from the beaten track? One doesn’t want to believe that it’s too late.

One hundred and forty thousand people on the boil! Is energy being spent out of all proportion to the common goal? 43 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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Okuk goes back in by-election lambakey Okuk, the man who makes no secret of his aim to be prime minister of Papua New Guinea, is back in parliament.

Mr Okuk, who is one of the most controversial politicians in PNG, crashed badly last year when he lost his seat of Chimbu while parliamentary leader of the National Party.

Now he has gone back easily in a by-election for the seat of Unggai-Bena, and there is every possibility that he could go back to leadership of the National Party and of the Opposition. Late in July the situation was still fluid, but Opposition leader Ted Diro had indicated a tacit willingness to accept Okuk in the leadership.

Mr Okuk’s return to parliament is a new chapter in a political career studded with dramatic developments. His new electorate, like his old one, is in the Highlands of PNG and the byelection was called because of disputes stemming from the general election. His major platform during the by-election campaign was a simple one: “I intend to be the first Highlander to be prime minister” he told his meetings.

In a country where a significant amount of parochialism persists in electoral matters, this went over well. PNG has had only two prime ministers since independence Michael Somare and Sir Julius Chan. Both come from coastal electorates.

When he first entered parliament lambakey Okuk was a Somare supporter and he eventually held the transport portfolio in a Somare government. But he was unpredictable and independent in government leading to his sacking from cabinet. He then mounted a direct challenge to Prime Minister Somare, but after two unsuccessful attempts to obtain national leadership through a parliamentary vote he realised that his personal support was not quite strong enough for his ambitions.

Instead he master-minded the campaign which resulted in Sir Julius Chan taking over government with Okuk as his deputy, following a parliamentary vote of no confidence in the prime minister.

Okuk figured in a number of controversial developments, one of which was the re-equipment of Air Niugini with Dash 7 aircraft.

The Somare government, now back in power, is disposing of the aircraft on the grounds that the deal was too expensive.

Okuk claims that the financial burden was created only because middleman dealers and financiers, mainly in Australia, became involved. He is critical of sales and supply procedures in the developed world, claiming that they create hardship rather than provide help in Third World countries.

One of the biggest criticisms levelled against him on the PNG political scene is that he doggedly follows the advice of experts he selects, and will not entertain opposing views. But Okuk denies this and spends far more time on research than many of his fellow politicians do. He accuses many PNG politicians of allowing gut feelings rather than inquiry to rule their policies.

PNG leaders generally have a reputation for negotiation and compromise. This is part of what has been called the “Melanesian way”. But against this background Okuk stands out as a man who can strongly polarise opinion.

The rift which has developed between him and Mr Somare’s Pangu party is now entrenched.

During his campaigning there were suggestions from the Pangu Party that his eligibility to stand was dubious. His supporters accused the Pangu Party of deliberate obstruction.

Five candidates stood against Okuk in the by-election and he had an easy win. 44

Political Currents

PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

From the ISLANDS PRESS From The Drum column, Papua New Guinea Post-Courier, Port Moresby A big firm in Port Moresby has just extricated itself from The Great ‘Fridge Foul-Up’. The problem started when a refrigerator worth 1000 kina was moved from an executive’s house to the company’s warehouse for safe keeping. It got mixed up with a pile of second-hand refrigerators on sale for 25 kina each.

Needless to say it didn’t stay on the floor for long. Lucky buyer, when told there had been a blunder, agreed to pay another 225 kina and still walked out with a bargain basement grin.

Part of a reader’s letter published in The Observer, Apia, Western Samoa It is amazing to learn that the Prime Minister has had the audacity to ask the U.S. President to consider recruiting Western Samoan young men into the U.S. Army. This is offering them as mercenaries to a foreign army, or in other words it is prostituting our young men. When we run out of men and boys why not offer our girls? Their services would be in great demand around the world.

From The Drum column in the Papua New Guinea Post-Courier, Port Moresby There might not be honor among thieves but in one group at least there seems to be an appreciation of beauty. The hold-up gang that robbed a Port Moresby bookie shop a week ago, and stole a car, has returned to the woman owner of the vehicle her licence. A note with it said “You are beautiful, so we have decided to send back your licence. But not the car because it is too good for the police.”

From the Flotsam & Jetsam column in The Fiji Times, Suva A 30-year-old woman was fined $4O in Suva Court for stealing a duck. The woman, who admitted the offence, told the court she was cutting grass around her home when the duck waded onto her knife. The duck died as a result and her family had curry duck that night.

From Akio Heine’s column in the Marshall Islands Journal, regarding plans to provide sex education and birth control information We doubt that sex education is needed, at least in the Marshall Islands. Birth control, yes. But not sex education, and here is why. Almost every youth is not only knowledgeable but very experienced when it comes to sex an extracurricular activity here. It is like fishing just about every one knows how to fish.

Sir Julius Chan, quoted in The Times of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, appeals for a country of refuge for West Papuan freedom fighters Not necessarily the cold icy north like Sweden (where some West Papuans have been granted asylum) but somewhere where they can live like human beings, he said.

Solomons Toktok, Honiara, in an article on birth control We are well aware that unmarried women can produce babies if there are persuasive men about, therefore it will be necessary for young women to have instruction in the strategies of the male sex and be brought to realise that it is not always in the nation’s interest to associate with men. Women can be patriotic too.

An unfortunate spelling error from a letter published in Solomons Toktok, Honiara, Solomon Islands An alien who forged a passport continues to exist happily in Solomon Islands extending his testacies to even politics.

From an item headed New Flags Needed’ in the Marshall Islands Journal Last week we set out to photograph the Marshall Islands flag flying in the capital. We were greatly disappointed that all the ones to be seen were too frayed and faded to have made a good picture. At the Aide building, the place where the flag was raised for the first time in 1979, there was no flag flying. At least on Constitution Day a new flag was flown. We think it would be a good use of funds to replace the flags at key places as often as needed.

Part of an editorial in the Samoa Times, Apia, Western Samoa Maybe it is about time we should ask the government to slow down the pace of development. The pace of development has been too fast. We are now seeing the effects of too rapid development cuts in the government budget, the laying off of workers, cuts in necessary imports and increases in charges. If conservation is the policy now, then that applies also to development.

The Times of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, from an article in which Bernard Narokobi warns against increasing dependence on foreign aid This money helps us to maintain very costly institutions and high standards on paper. It helps to create high rates of inflation by giving us the illusion that we can afford high wages, high prices and luxuries. We have had no chance to find our own level. The result is that we have set very high sights of expectation for our people. I believe this is partly the trouble with our education system. In the days that we didn’t have all this money coming in, we grew our own kaukau and aibika, we cut our own grass and cleaned the school area. We cooked our own food. Nowadays students expect “boys to cut grass with a lawn mower”. They also expect the government to supply them with food. They don’t know what self reliance is and those in power have no right to tell students to be self reliant.

Unsigned letter to the editor published in The Observer, Apia, Western Samoa It is indeed most heartening to hear that Chief Inspector Falaniko intends pursuing those people who insult the “freedom flag” by not saluting it. I am puzzled however, by the term “freedom flag”. What does the Chief Inspector mean? I am not a Matai, so I am not free to vote. I am not free to buy those things in the shops which I and my family need. I am not free to think except for those things that the Faifeau tell us on Sundays.

Please tell me, why do I not feel free? Why do I feel that I am trapped and unable to live a normal life, unable to do all those things which freedom entails. Freedom means much more than not saluting a flag.

The Marshall Islands Journal A slow-moving truck recently pulled over to allow the line of cars behind to pass. We don’t have a clue as to what caused the driver to break the custom of blocking traffic. The police better look into this deviant behavior.

A heading in the Papua New Guinea Post-Courier, Port Moresby, after a rugby league team from Australia defeated a PNG team by 106 to 3 Dark hour as Queensland drops bomb.

A view on slot machines expressed in Marianas Variety News & Views I don’t like them. They can cause banks to take back paid cars which are not paid because slot machines ate up the money. 45 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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PEOPLE Manuele Palehau Leaone, 85, of Tokelau, is regarded by visiting academics and others as the leading authority on his country’s history, music and customs.

In recognition of his “distinguished service to his people over 60 years”, Queen Elizabeth II honored him in this year’s Birthday Honors with the Queen’s Service Order for Community Service (QSO).

The order, exclusive to New Zealand (which administers the territory of Tokelau, about 480 km north of Western Samoa), was instituted by the Queen in 1975 to “recognise valuable voluntary service to the community and meritorious and faithful public service”.

Palehau, as he is known in Tokelau, has been mayor of the country’s capital island of Nukunono for 18 years. He is a wise old man around whom young and old gather to learn ancient songs, stories, dances and genealogies which he has learned and studied throughout his life.

His advice is constantly sought by Tokelauan leaders because of his knowledge of custom and tradition, and “the pride in them which he has built up so that young people will be able to do the same for the next generation”.

According to the Office of Tokelau Affairs in Apia, “to many thousands of Tokelauans who have settled in New Zealand he has been the inspiration for that community’s determination to preserve Tokelauan culture and the links with their home islands”.

A recent visitor to Tokelau from New Zealand wanted to know why a certain wedding feast was being delayed, even though the bride and groom had already been seated and all indications were that the feast should begin. The simple reply was; “We’re waiting for the ‘Old Man’.”

“Important events in Tokelau don’t start without Palehau’s presence and blessing,” said the Tokelau Affairs Office. “He is the most appropriate recipient of the highest honor ever awarded a Tokelauan.”

The three atolls of Tokelau are linked to the outside world only by ship, seaplane, and an antiquated telephone service. In a telephone call from Apia on June 10, the day Palehau’s award was announced, it was learned that the population, jubilant at the news, were preparing a feast in celebration of it.

That morning, the Council of elders, the country’s local government, had held a special morning tea for the occasion. A public holiday was planned for the following week.

Main diet on Tokelau is fish and root crops. Coconut meat is eaten as a substitute.

Tokelau relies heavily on New Zealand’s assistance. For the 1982-83 fiscal year the grant was SNZ2.I million, according to Tony Browne, official secretary of the Office of Tokelau Affairs in Apia. Sano Malifa in Apia.

Francis Hong Tiy has been named divisional manager, shipping and travel for Bums Philp (SS) Co. Ltd.

Mr Hong Tiy replaced Campbell Swift, who has been transferred to the Bums Philp head office in Sydney where he has been appointed line manager for the company’s new interregional shipping service.

Before joining the company, Mr Hong Tiy was commercial manager/personnel assistant to the general manager of Pacific Forum Line.

He was involved in regional shipping and transport with the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Co-operation (SPEC) Where he led a team associated with the feasibility study which resulted in the establishment of the PEL.

Mr Hong Tiy is a member of the Fiji Visitors Bureau and the Marine Board.

The new regional shipping company to be headed by Mr Swift is known as the South- West Pacific Container Line (SPCL) and will service ports between American Samoa and Papua New Guinea with two container ships. It began operation in July.

Prince Edward, youngest son of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth 11, in June visited Western Samoa, Cook Islands, Niue, Tonga, and Fiji in what was described as a “recreational and educational” visit designed to provide His Highness “with further background knowledge of the South Pacific”.

He was housemaster at New Zealand’s Wanganui collegiate for the last term of 1982 and first term of 1983. He is fourth in line to the British throne after Prince Charles, Prince William (the son of Prince Charles and Princess Diana) and Prince Andrew.

Victor Carell writes from Levuka: Warm sunlight bathed the old Fiji capital of Levuka on the day Prince Edward visited it during the nine days he spent in Fiji. Greeted by the Commissioner Eastern, Nelson Delailomaloma, the prince arrived at Bureta airport early in the morning and was driven to the memorial cession stones at Natovi. The stones are where the chiefs of Fiji signed the Deed of Cession in 1874, giving the islands of Fiji to Queen Victoria.

One stone marks the event itself, another (which the Prince of Wales unveiled in 1970) celebrates Fiji independence and a third commemorates the first century of cession.

The young prince was welcomed at the old Queen Victoria Memorial Hall where he had morning tea with the mayor, town councillors and other citizens of Levuka. Prince Edward inspected the Levuka Community Centre, a thriving museum, library, public hall and sports complex established in what was once the Levuka building of the Morris Hedstrom company. In the community centre gymnasium the prince watched A walk through Nukunono: Manuele Palehau, Sister Juliana and friends. He’s the “wise old man, around whom young and old gather”.

Francis Hong Tiy 47 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

Sakarai Vei, the Fijian boxer, in training, Mrs Dora Patterson, long a resident of Levuka, escorted the prince on an inspec tion of the lovely Patterson gardens beside the community centre. Later the prince danced the Fijian tara-lala, partnered by girls from Levuka. A highlight of the visit was a Fijian feast hosted by the Tui Levuka and Adi Kelera at Levuka Village. More than 200 guests attended the feast.

Moving out from Levuka the prince was taken on a drive around Ovalau Island, including a call at the beautifully-situated St John’s Marist College. He flew back to Suva after a day in which the weather, the old capital and the people had combined to display the best of traditional Fijian hospitality to a handsome royal visitor.

Michael Takabwebwe was sworn in in May as attorneygeneral of Kiribati in succession to R. L. Davey. As attorneygeneral he also serves as a member of the Cabinet.

Mr Takabwebwe is the first i- Kiribati to hold the office of attorney-general in Kiribati.

Aged 37, he received his legal training at the University of Melbourne, Australia, and was subsequently admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the supreme court of Victoria. He entered the service of the government of Kiribati in 1979, as a state advocate, and in 1982 was appointed senior state advocate and registrar of companies.

Commonwealth Games lightheavyweight boxing champion Sani Fine cannot fight for Fiji in the Apia South Pacific Games this September, Games president Stan Brown said in Suva in June.

Mr Brown said Fine fought for Tonga in the 1979 South Pacific Games and has not been living in Fiji for the required four years to qualify to fight for this country.

Fine has no alternative but to fight for Tonga in Western Samoa if he wants to compete in the games, Mr Brown said.

He said Fine is a Tongan citizen and can fight for his country.

For the Commonwealth Games, one only has to live in a country for six months for one to compete for that country. That is why Fine was able to represent Fiji in Brisbane.

After seven years in the advertising industry in Australia, Ross Addison, 31, a former Fiji resident, has returned to Fiji to work with a local advertising agency.

Mr Addison worked with C.

H. Lucas Advertising in Fiji from 1974 to 1976 as creative director. After leaving Lucas he returned to Australia and worked in a variety of positions in the advertising industry in that country.

Early this year, he returned to Fiji with his wife, who is a Fiji citizen, to take up the position of creative director with the locallyowned firm of Design-Ad (South Pacific) Limited.

Announcing the appointment, Design-Ad’s managing director, Hae Rigamoto, said: “Ross’s appointment will enable us to push ahead with our expansion programme and new business acquisition. There is a pressing need for fully professional and creative advertising here in Fiji, especially in the area of tourism.”

R. J. (Bob) Young has been appointed general manager of Bums Philp Trustee Co. Ltd.

At 35, Mr Young is believed to be the youngest chief executive in the Australian trustee industry. He has been with Bums Philp for 17 years.

Mr Young takes over from Arthur Furze who retires after 16 years as general manager of the company. A former chairman of the Trustee Companies Association, Mr Furze has spent 37 years in the industry. He will remain a member of the board.

A new commandant of the Vanuatu Police Force has been appointed. He is John Holloway who took up duties in June. He is on a two-year contract.

A former officer in the British army, Mr Holloway joined the Solomon Islands Police Force in 1964 and became superintendent in 1971 and deputy commissioner in 1973. He was promoted to commissioner of police in 1978.

After Solomon Islands achieved independence he remained with the force until he retired last year to settle in Australia.

Falani Chan Tung (assistant project manager at the Western Samoa Trust Estates Corporation) has qualified for his M.Ec. degree in the economic development program of the University of New England, Armidale, Australia. His dissertation was entitled “Monetary developments in Independent Western Samoa”.

Two other Pacific Island students are preparing dissertations.

John Rofeta (National Planning Office, Solomon Islands) is shortly to complete a study on taxation in the Solomons; and Arvindra Rao (a senior economist with Fiji’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry) is working on a wide-ranging study on tourism in Fiji, with particular reference to its contribution to foreign exchange earnings.

Samoa News publisher Jake King of American Samoa, has sold the territory’s only weekly newspaper to Fuga Tolani Teleso, the director of the parks and recreation department. Although no figures have been released, informed sources indicated that the price was between SUS 140,000 and $lBO,OOO. The new owner has not announced any planned changes for the Samoa News.

Although the Samoa News predates King, he established its reputation as a colorful and controversial newspaper. He started at the almost defunct paper in 1969 and acquired control of the company early the next year.

With only a small three-man staff, King developed the newspaper as a strident editorial voice, choosing former governor John M. Haydon as one of his favorite early targets. After a fight for control with the remaining shareholders in 1972, King acquired total control of the Samoa News.

Always located in some part of Fagatogo, the newspaper managed to survive all its competitors over the past 14 years: the Samoa Times, Samoa Sun, Underground Monthly and Pago Pago Times. It has a circulation of about 6000 and a staff of 10.

Asked what prompted him to sell, King replied: “It’s just time for new endeavors, time to get a new lifestyle.” King indicated Levuka Village people welcome Prince Edward during his visit to Ovalau Island. 48 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 people

that he will remain active in private business while devoting more time to his private legal studies.

At one stage then Governor Haydon tried to expel King from the territory, but was overruled by the courts.

Richard J. Dols, started his new assignment this June as director of the U.S. State Department’s Office of Pacific Islands Affairs.

Mr Dols is a career foreign service officer who served from 1977-81 as political counsellor of the U.S. embassy in Wellington.

While in New Zealand, Mr Dols, along with Ambassador William Bodde, helped negotiate the U.S.

Pacific Islands Treaties. These treaties would return 25 of 26 islands whose sovereignty is disputed between the U.S. and Pacific Islands nations, and establish maritime boundaries between American Samoa and the Cooks and Tokelau.

Speaking at the May 9 Pacific Islands Association Seminar on Strategic Interests in the Pacific in Washington, D.C. (PIM July plO), Mr Dols spoke strongly in favor of the U.S. Senate’s approval of these treaties and emphasised President Reagan’s personal endorsement of them. According to Mr Dols, delay in ratification of the U.S.-Pacific Islands Treaties is due to a very small number of U.S. senators whose difference in perception hurts, not helps, the U.S. position in the Pacific.

On the personal side Mr Dols reports that he is married to an “Islands buff’ and they have what could be considered a proper Polynesian family of seven children between them. Both he and his wife were previously married and widowed.

On the governmental side, Mr Dols expressed the US desire for “a continued dialogue with island governments and a widening and deepening of our relationship.”

Caroline Yacoe.

The World YWCA has appointed Edith Enoga as communications/development officer for a special service project in the Pacific called Ofis Blong Ol Meri. Her job will include researching and communicating issues that affect women in the Pacific.

Edith will work out of an office in Lae, Papua New Guinea.

She has had experience in school teaching, work with the Morobe Provincial Council of Women, church women’s groups as well as journalism and radio broadcasting. Her address will be c/o Morobe Women’s Association, Box 1463, Lae, PNG.

Del Mannering has been named deputy chief executive of Air Pacific.

Mr Mannering was formerly general manager marketing for Fiji’s national carrier. Announcing the appointment, Air Pacific board chairman, John Hill said that Mr Mannering would retain his portfolio in marketing but would now be better placed to continue to help develop the airline’s resources.

“Along with the airline’s chief executive Akuila Savu we now have an even stronger team to develop our new American service into Hawaii, as well as continue to strengthen our traditional routes in Australia and New Zealand and the Southwest Pacific region,” he said.

Mr Mannering joined Air Pacific in 1978 as regional manager New Zealand. He was previously with Trans Australia Airlines for 13 years.

New boss of Air Micronesia is George A. Warde, named in May to the post of president of the airline.

Daniel F. Cuff of The New York Times has written the following profile of Mr Warde: Mr Warde, who is 61, leaves the post of vice-chairman of Continental Air Lines. Air Micronesia is operated by Continental and the United Micronesia Development Association. Aloha Airlines has a 10 per cent interest.

Mr Warde (pronounced Ward- E) has been president of American and Continental in his airline career. “I started at American in 1940 as an apprentice mechanic and rose up through maintenance and engineering flight operations,” he said. After a move to Pan American World Airways he returned to American and became general manager in 1968 and president in 1972.

He then moved to Airbus Industrie, the European aircraft manufacturing consortium. “I was the skunk at the lawn party,” he said, i was the only Yankee there. I was based in France and we sold between 400 and 500 planes in that period.”

In 1981 he met Robert F. Six, Continental’s founder. “Mr Six was attending the Paris air show,” he said, “and I was working the show for Airbus. He thought it would be nice if I came to work for Continental.”

Mr Warde was named Continental’s president and chief operating officer under Alvin L.

Feldman, the airline’s chief executive. At that point Continental was striving to get out of the red and to fight off a takeover bid by Frank Lorenzo, chairman of the Texas Air Corporation, operator of Texas International Airlines.

Mr Feldman committed suicide and Mr Warde succeeded him as chief executive.

Mr Lorenzo won the airline in 1982 and became chairman and chief executive. A new president, Stephen M. Wolf, was named. Mr Warde became vicechairman but “it was a case where the challenge just wasn’t there,” he said. He announced plans to leave Continental. “In the meantime,” he said, “this opportunity popped up,” referring to the post at Air Micronesia. A vacancy was created when Donald Beck, the airline’s president, took a job with Western Airlines as a senior vicepresident. Air Mike, as it is called, is not a big operation. It flies three Boeing 7275. But it covers a huge territory, serving Honolulu, Trulk, Yap, Palau, Guam, Saipan and Tokyo among other stops. And Mr Warde sees opportunities for growth and development. Air Mike celebrated its 15th anniversary in May.

Phil Marriott Phil Marriott has been appointed deputy managing director of the big petroleum products company Mobil Oil Australia Limited. One of his major responsibilities will be the company’s Pacific Island interests.

Richard J. Dols George A. Warde Del Mannering 49 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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BOOKS THE PACIFIC RROM 1600 TO 1760 ' A virtuoso display to marvel at and envy ' Monopolists and Freebooters.

Volume II of The Pacific Since Magellan. By O.H.K. Spate.

Published 1983 by Australian National University Press, PO Box 4, Canberra, ACT, Australia 2600. ISBN 0 7081 1844 5.

In reviewing Oskar Spate’s first volume in the series, The Pacific Since Magellan, Fran Hezel, in another place, said of The Spanish Lake, “Spate has effected a virtuoso display of scholarship that we ordinary mortals in Pacific studies can only marvel at and envy”. This ordinary mortal had the same feeling after reading the second volume, Monopolists and Freebooters, which covers the period 1600 to the 1760 s (but runs on into the nineteenth century where necessary to set up the next volume).

It is not an easy work to situate within the series. How do you describe a book which, by Spate’s own admission, “lacks the unity given to its predecessor by the theme of Iberian domination and, I may hope, to its successor by that of the geographical and commercial opening of the vast expanse of the Oceanic waters”. This is a bridging volume in the series, and it takes the form of a giant patchwork quilt with varying patterns and subtle changes of color.

So to begin with let us look briefly at what is in each chapter.

The book opens with the Dutch penetration, from west and from east across the Pacific, into the Asian domains of the Spaniards in the 1600 s. It moves north in chapter 3 to investigate the tangle of Japanese internal rivalries which led in the 1640 s to the policy of Japanese seclusion for over two centuries, with one little island of commercial exchange her only window on the world.

Chapter 4 surveys the shifts and trends in the commercial and maritime empires of East Asia during the 17th century, fitting them concisely into wider developments of the world capitalist economy. In chapter 5 we return to two ends of the Spanish Pacific empire: in the west the pacification of the Marianas and in the east the debate about the shape and importance of California. There follow a most readable chapter on Pacific buccaneers and one which explores William Dampier’s reputation against the reality of his achievements, as well as giving us a glimpse of a little-known Scottish colonisation experiment in Darien.

Chapter 8 takes us back to Europe and war between Britain, France, the Netherlands and Spain, and then out to the Pacific again as the French make their entry, voyaging to China and establishing Cape Horn as the standard passage between the Atlantic and the South Sea. Next is a chapter of episodes which bore lightly on the Pacific during a quiet interlude (1700-1760) The South Seas Company and La Plata; Alberoni’s role in stoking up a new drive for Spanish empire; the last privateers; and famous “Jenkin’s Ear” which led to war.

Chapter 10 takes us into the icy northern reaches of the Pacific so often neglected by those who live in the warm southwest.

We follow Bering as he laid the foundations for a Russian America which would endure into the 1860 s. Chapter 11 is full of British offensives in East Asian waters; Anson capturing the Manila Gallion and going on to become First Lord of the Admiralty; the fall of Manila; and struggles for national commercial and strategic advantage in the Sulu archipelago.

We follow in chapter 12 the winding-down of the Galleon trade, Spate setting it nicely in the context of a contest for dominance by Spanish vested interests. Then we swing again to Spain’s Pacific littoral in North America with the establishment of insecure Californian colonies which would become major cities of today’s west coast. Finally there is the last of empire Peru with the creaking Spanish colonial structure under pressure from Indians and Criollos.

As independence comes to this part of the Americas we get a glimpse forward of the Pacific in a new age of steam and changing cargoes.

All this is a delight and an edification to read from cover to cover. But for my money there are half a dozen treatments within those covers which will help to make Monopolists and Freebooters a central text and reference tool on the bookshelves of anybody interested in the past of the Oceanic region, and indeed beyond.

Chapter 4, “Survivals and Arrivals in East Asia” is to my mind the best in the book. Spate apologises in his preface for writing such a European-centred book unavoidable overall, for that is the nature of the beast but here in chapter 4 we have a sympathetic, incisive treatment Two of the historical engravings which add interest to Monopolists and Freebooters. The top one, from a Dutch source, illustrates Tasman's sighting of New Zealand in 1642. The other is from an account of La Perouse’s voyages, providing an Easter Island impression of 1786. 51 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

Rock Processing Machinery For Sale or Rent Crushing Plants Screening Plants ■ • m CiK i * Conveyors J \ i ft % Rock Systems, Inc 1600 Kapiolani Blvd. Suite 1300 Honolulu, HI 96814 Phone (808) 944-5562 Telex# 7431987 of dynamic Asian policies and their commercial operations. We get a feeling of communities Asian and European engaged in an exquisite dance, stepping towards one another in new commercial beginnings, retreating, trying new steps, new passages.

And Spate does not neglect the macro-economic trends, as the western economy begins to turn towards mass production in Europe and mass marketing in Asia. This is “significant history”: not just the art of storytelling but the systematising of the record and meaning of human behavior over long periods as well. Thus Spate sums up crisply in this chapter the Portuguese legacy in Asia, the real reasons for European domination of Asian trade, the reason for France’s lack of commercial success, and so on.

Another area which stands out in the book is Spate’s chapter on the buccaneers compulsive reading, this and especially his comments on the sources pertaining to them. Spate provides in the footnotes to chapter 6 a navigable channel through the readings on one of the more sensationalist areas of maritime history, to a degree which makes them an independent essay on the historiography of the theme. This is a feature of the footnotes as a whole: comprising 75 pages, they are a veritable booklet in themselves which will become a standard bibliographic source for scholars, and a fascinating read to boot.

For those interested in the history of the classic age of colonialism and its structures of domination, Spate’s last chapter is illuminating, with its concise description of one of the central functionaries of the European colonial system at all times and in all places the corregidor or district officer, with massive local influence and few effective restraints. Much of Europe’s colonial heritage can be traced back to these men, who, in Spate’s words “give the impression of being failed lawyers or the younger sons of the seedier gentry”.

They were also the focus of much protest even rebellion by Indios and by the mixedrace Criollos, collaborators with the Spaniards, thrusting ever upwards, with one eye on the Indian masses below as revolution neared.

Finally there are some lovely sketches of individual personalities and judicious judgments on their limitations. Australians will do well to read the portraits of Tasman, damned with faint praise, and of Dampier, a sensible second-incommand but “as a commander, an almost pitiable failure”: sober portraits, both, of men sanctified in the mythology of Australian history. And I defy anyone to remain unaffected by the poignant journal descriptions of Bering and his colleagues living and dying on Bering Island during a dreadful winter of discovery.

One of the pre-eminent virtues of Monopolists and Freebooters is its scope. Spate drives home the fact of the enormous range of environments encompassed by this ocean, from forbidding arctic wastes, through the sandy, arid shores of parts of the Americas, to the tropics splendid. But the book also stretches the historical eye well beyond the Pacific to the rest of world developments in the 16th and 17th centuries. On page one Spate reminds the reader that ours is not the first global century and readers will find here a world peopled not only by Castilians but by Hollanders and the English, by Japanese, Koreans, Filipinos, Russians, Aleuts and American Indians; the Oceanic islanders, Spate promises us, will come into their own in the third volume of the series.

All this is done in the rich prose which is a characteristic of Spate’s work. He is master of the wry characterisation of persons or events (the motives of the buccaneers were “purely, or impurely, predatory” one of the most famous, Henry Morgan, died “more in the odor of rum than of sanctity”) and of the witty editorial comment (when describing the proposal by Bering’s suffering party to break up their wrecked ship to build a smaller vessel Spate writes: “There’ll always be an apparatchik : objection was made that nobody had ever heard of building a vessel from a wreck(!)”). There is of 52 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 BOOKS

course a meticulous attention to detail, demonstrated in the very beginning with a salutary essay on usages of historical time, distance and currency, things often treated casually in lesser scholars’ works: nothing is left to chance, or to misconstrual.

For all these reasons Monopolists and Freebooters is not a book for the literary fool or the fainthearted. Just occasionally the pleasure in the story is lessened by the mass of erudition and at points it becomes impossible to continue holding all the threads of events and influences in one’s finite hands. This is a dilemma for Spate, whether to write a simpler book or quite plainly the best book available on this “Dark Age of Pacific historiography”. Spate has chosen the latter and who will gainsay him? The Pacific has given us some of the world’s most enduring historical scholarship; witness Beaglehole’s introductions and annotations to Cook’s journals. Like these, Spate’s work shall stand long after the short-lived monographs are all remaindered.

Peter Hempenstall.

The silent fleet of Truk Lagoon Shipwrecks of Truk. By Alan Rosenberg. Edited by Francis X.

Hezel. Privately produced by Grahame, Ryder, and Fey, 1983. Available postpaid from the Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam 96913. Price SUSI 6.

On February 16-17, 1944, Marc Mitscher’s fast carrier Task Force 58 struck the Truk Lagoon and sent to the bottom over 50 capital ships in the Japanese fleet at anchor there. It was the largest American air strike of the war up to that time, and established once and for all the superiority of American air and sea power against the Japanese in the Pacific.

The event also, incidentally, set up the largest and most spectacular undersea gardens of the world. Truk is the world’s largest lagoon and was, in 1944, Japan’s greatest naval bastion outside of the home islands. The lagoon is relatively shallow and the light can penetrate to many of the resting hulks. They went down quickly some were deliberately sunk by opening seacocks and lie today just as they were, unmolested for the most part.

Underwater photographer Rosenberg has captured them in all their alluring beauty. They are mysterious and exciting, and provide a diver with the most memorable underwater viewing and discovery experiences possible. People come from all over the world to see them and to spend comfortable evenings discussing their dives at one or other of Truk’s comfortable hotels.

Francis X. Hezel, director of the Micronesian Seminar, and one of Micronesia’s outstanding local historians, has edited the volume. There’s a very fine description of the last hours of the fleet and the surrender of Truk which was the largest single surrender of the Pacific war involving some 38,000 men.

There are a couple of historical inaccuracies on page 81 where the political background of the Japanese acquisition of the islands is given. But the strengths of the volume lie in its pictures of the ships and the sealife. A bibliography in the back indicates other sources for the precise historian.

Author Alan Rosenberg spent some 18 months at Truk diving to get hundreds of photos. He has selected a few of the very best for this volume. Viewers of the volume will not be disappointed.

It belongs on the shelves of every WW2 history buff, but also should be had by contemporaries who may be motivated to visit and dive, or who jifst want to see the beauty which has emerged from the horror.

Dirk Anthony Ballendorf.

Color photographs in Rosenberg’s book show ships, equipment and cargo encrusted with coral but still well preserved after nearly 40 years on the bottom of Truk lagoon. Shown in these reproductions are a sextant, navigation lights and a truck. 53 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY AUGUST, 1983

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YESTERDAY ‘It is my love for you that has me punish you so lightly . . .' JOSEPH THEROUX concludes a two-part series on the life and times of WILHELM HEINRICH SOLF, governor of pre-World War I German Samoa.

Solf included many non- Germans in his government: British, American and mixedrace. He chose Dick Williams, an Irishman, to be deputy administrator (amtmann) of Savai’i (he who staged the shows). To boost agricultural development, Solf brought in the German Professor E. Wohtmann in 1903 to study the potential of the islands.

He identified ideal sites for growing cocoa, for instance, sites that are still flourishing today.

Richard Deeken surfaced again in 1904, founding the Samoan Co-operative Trading Society. He sought by this manoeuvre to realise the plan laid out in his book. He wanted to fund the co-op by taxing the whole Samoan population.

Deeken recruited Mata’afa and other chiefs and orators, including Lauaki (of whom more later).

As it was against Self’s economic principles, he summarily banned the co-op on December 14, 1904. But the chiefs and orators (the Tuma and Pule) did not cease their efforts.

While Solf was on holiday in New Zealand, the Samoan leaders of the co-op tried to institute the program, despite Self’s ban.

They were arrested and imprisoned. Others broke open the jail and released them. Upon Self’s return, he disbanded the Tumua and Pule and the Fono, and handpicked his own Fono. When the jailbreak became known, Thomas Trood wrote in his Island Reminiscences, “some of the citizens at once exclaimed ‘Shoot them down!’ ‘Shoot them down!’ which, had it been done by the government, would have brought on another native war ... Dr Solf has never worked on such lines.” He finally succeeded in supressing the co-op in 1907, and many of the leaders were pardoned, including Lauaki. But Deeken and others saw the government reshuffle as harsh and arbitrary and continued their agitating in the Reichstag. • • • About 1899, a wealthy German businessman named Gustav Kunst purchased Vailima, the last home of Robert Louis Stevenson, from the writer’s widow (the sale negotiated by H.

J. Moors, the remarkable American expatriate: see PIM August, September 1981). Kunst made considerable additions and improvements, including piped water and electricity.

“More recently,’’ Moors wrote in his With Stevenson in Samoa, “Vailima thus improved and beautified, has been acquired by the German Government from Mr Kunst’s nephew and heir and is now the official residence of the Governor, Dr Solf,’’ The imperial governor moved into “Government House’’ about the end of 1905. • • • In 1908, Solf returned to Germany and Kaiser Wilhelm II “Der tupu sili von Samoa” awarded him the Order of the Prussian Crown (second class).

During the visit he met 21-yearold Johanna Dotti, of Neuenhagen. She was high-spirited, sports-minded and cultured.

They married after a brief courtship. Johanna and Wilhelm returned to Samoa; “. . . their honeymoon trip was the voyage out,” son Otto wrote. In later years, “she had very vivid recollections of her first married years perhaps her happiest, as is so often the case and spoke of Apia often. When my parents corresponded, they always signed their letters, cables etc. with ‘Alofa,’ and I remember my mother telling me that it could also mean ‘I love you’.”

In Apia, she joined the Frauen-Verein (“Women’s Committee”) and the sports club, and was an active member of both. She delighted everyone by continuing to play, in true Samoan style, even when soaked by tropical downpours, the Samoanische Zeitung reported.

Solf admitted that she “was a far better sportswoman than he was a sportsman.” • • • Lauaki Namalau’ulu Mamoe was one of the great, though tragic, figures of Samoan history. (Mamoe was his given name, Namalau’ulu his orator title, and Lauaki, an honorary title inherited from his father, had been bestowed by a visiting Tongan Wilhelm and Johanna Solf in Apia, 1910. - Print by courtesy of Otto Solf, copy by Diane Theroux. 55 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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Solf wrote: ‘‘A Samoan politician, he could not conceive that Germany for all time and alone without recourse to America and England was ruling in Samoa. He found Germany tedious he wanted a change.” (McKay’s Chronology of Western Samoa).

Lauaki and Solf had basic differences. Lauaki charged that the German administration sought to divide the Samoans; Lauaki was against the poll tax; he was angry when the copra prices paid to the Samoans had declined in 1904; he wanted the Tumua and Pule (whom Solf saw as mere troublemakers) recognised, not the Faipule Fono (created by Solf); Like Solf, he sought the abolition of the ali’i sill but Lauaki wanted a return to a traditional political structure.

Part of the problem was that he was so like Solf: cultured, stubborn, articulate, devious, aloof.

A showdown was inevitable.

When Solf and Johanna toured Savai’i in November of 1908, it was as much a political jaunt as a social one. Lauaki had formed the Mau a Pule (literally, ‘The Opposition Movement of Savai’i”) and Solf saw this, rightly, as a threat to the German administration.

“ ‘Do not talk to me deceptively,’ said the governor to the Savaiians in various speeches, ‘and do not try to use your Samoan tricks. I am not so easily deceived by your tongafitis (knaveries); you often speak of the fa’a Samoa (Samoan custom), but only when you wish to bring it in. I try to uphold the good Samoan customs, but do not wish for tricks to be covered by them.’ ” ‘Quoted by Keesing).

At Safotulafai, Solf delivered his last speech about the Mau a Pule. He called Lauaki a ‘‘dangerous agitator” and ordered him to remain in Savai’i. ‘‘He succeeded by his personality and ability to beat the Samoan chiefs and orators at their own game talking. One attempt after another by some party to gain superiority, was broken up, not by military force, but by the power of his eloquence,” wrote R.P. Berking, his collector of customs, in PIM, April, 1936.

But on January 18, 1909, Lauaki arrived at Vaiusu with ‘‘a canoe fleet” of armed men. ‘‘Faced with this show of force, Solf forgave Lauaki his past misdeeds and attempted to reach an agreement with him as to the future. But as the two had been dedicated for many years to the attainment of irreconcilable objectives, nothing was achieved.” (Davidson, Samoa mo Samoa). ‘‘[Solf] had a shrewd but harsh understanding of native respect for force,” Furnas wrote. ‘‘When unrealistic ambition in a brilliant Savai’i talking chief named Lauati [sic] culminated in armed defiance of the government, he [Solf] easily maintained his mana by showing nothing but easy-going contempt and simultaneously whistling up warships.” The warships were from the German China Station. They arrived in March with 300 Solomon Island troops.

Aggie Grey spoke of the incident in her biography. “As can be imagined,” she said, “the sight of the armed black troops was too much for the Samoans.

They surrendered, begging that their villages by spared, and Solf agreed.”

With permission of the Faipule Fono, Solf had Lauaki and 11 others, including relatives and a Samoan pastor (72 in all), deported to Saipan. There were suspensions, fines and forced labor for those who were allowed to remain. (The labor included erecting government buildings on confiscated land in Savai’i.) Solf issued a proclamation ‘To All Samoa”. It concluded: ‘‘You will understand that it is my love for you that has made 56 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 YESTERDAY

me punish you so lightly. This will teach Samoa a lesson and will cause all to bear in mind that there is only one head in Samoa and that is His Majesty the Kaiser.” (Quoted by Keesing.) Spoken like a father to his misbehaving children. Or like a Samoan matai to his extended family. For the punishments could have been far worse.

Fletcher observed wryly that “. . . within the velvet glove was the Prussian hand of steel.”

The exiled group was not allowed to return until 1915, when New Zealand ruled the islands.

Berking wrote (PIM, April 1936): “It is very remarkable that Lauati’s [sic] followers on their return to Samoa, after the outbreak of the Great War, expressed publicly their full appreciation of the justice that had been dealt out to them by Dr Solf. ’ ’

But Lauaki was never to see his homeland again. He died on the return voyage. And all but one of the exiled leaders died in the Influenza Pandemic of 1918. • • • On August 31, 1909, Johanna gave birth to their first child.

They named her, ironically enough, after a Savai’i orator, a priestess who had been the adoptive mother and counsellor to Samoa’s only queen, Salamasina, who had lived 400 years before; So’oa’emalelagi, ‘‘One who has fallen from heaven”. She was called Lagi (‘‘Heaven”) for short and forever after. ‘‘When my sister was bom,” Otto Solf wrote, ‘‘the local chiefs declared her ‘a princess’ and she was given land and all sorts of honors.”

Who could predict that Lagi, like her mother, would die before her time, of inhumanities inflicted in Nazi concentration camps? • • • Solf completed his service in Samoa in 1910. On September 22, he, Lagi and Johanna (six months pregnant with first son Hans Heinrich) boarded the Atua and sailed for Fiji, laden with gifts and thanks, cries of “Hoch, hoch, hoch” (three cheers) ringing in their ears. From all quarters there was praise for his administration. But Solf himself was dissatisfied. He said: “I leave Samoa unhealed of its great evils: doubt, suspicion and jealousy.” (Quoted in Rowe.) He knew the desire for independence had not been quashed with Lauaki. The Mau would reappear and the bloody days that preceded his administration would return under the New Zealand administration. But he had kept the peace, built hospitals and the government buildings that are still in use, largely unchanged.

He increased the revenue from 14,000 pounds in 1900 to 41,350 pounds in 1911. Where the colony had been supported at the beginning, it now paid a share into the Colonial Office.

However, back in the Reichstag, Richard Deeken’s charges were spouted by Self’s enemies.

The major charge? That Solf was guilty of verkanakerung ■ — from the root word kanaka in other words, ‘‘going native” Lloyd Osbourne, Robert Louis Stevenson’s stepson, tells the story in his introduction to Rowe’s book: “. . .he had to defend himself . . . from an impassioned charge that while in Samoa he had worn flowers in his hair . . . at Samoan revels. Dr Solf bent his head and revealed a perfectly bald scalp. T have no hair to put flowers in,’ he said. ‘Look for yourselves, gentlemen.’ The Reichstag could almost see themselves reflected in his shiny pate, and the ensuing roar of laughter shook the chamber. ’ ’ • • • In 1911, he became Secretary of State for the Colonial Office under Wilhelm 11, a post he held until the fall of the Kaiser’s government in 1918. During the chaotic months surrounding the armistice negotiations, he was Foreign Secretary for just two months.

In the years since his governorship, he had often spoken of Germany’s role as a colonial power. But it was a lone voice.

Germany had lost her possessions, but had a hope of regaining them. Fletcher wrote that Solf gave ‘‘a lecture in Berlin in 1916 before the German church authorities upon missionary enterprise. The German missionary, he said, had a special mission. Natives were the best asset of the colonies, but they must be brought under proper control by mission work. Christianity and kultur German kultur were to go hand in hand.” This was one of Solf’s favorite themes: “Kolonisieren ist Missioniern,” he often said. But not in strict religious or Kulturell terms. John Moses (in NZ Journal of History, ‘‘The Solf Regime in Western Samoa”) maintains that it implied missionising in the widest sense of education and ‘‘the best European culture could offer with the best of the native culture.” In 1917 Solf was in Leipzig, explaining Germany’s desire for the recovery of her possessions. ‘‘Germany’s pre-war humane treatment of the native races has won for her the moral right to be called a great Colonial Power.” (Quoted in Fletcher’s book Stevenson s Germany). He could not, however, have been thinking of Germany’s treatment of certain African tribes, of which had been extinguished.

But few looked at his record in the Pacific. • • • In 1920, the Weimar Republic appointed him charge d’affaires to the embassy in Tokyo. At the end of that year he was named ambassador. He presented his credentials on February 26, 1921, and served until the end of 1928. During these years he was president of the Asiatic Society of Japan and signed the German Japanese Trade Agreement of 1928. When, at the age of 65, he was due to retire, the Reichstag requested that he remain to represent them at the coronation of Hirohito.

He returned to Germany with his wife, daughter and three sons. In 1929, Heidelberg University awarded him the honorary degree of doctor of political science and the following year Lauaki Mamoe, Samoan leader exiled by Solf to Micronesia Lagi Solf, in Germany in 1920, wears a Samoan village chief’s costume. - Print from Otto Solf, copy by Diane Solf. 57 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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Managing Agent 7th Floor, 51 Pitt Street, Sydney, Australia. Phone: (02) 20547 his old university at Gottingen made him a doctor of theology (“Colonising is missionising”.) He was 68. His wife was a stillactive 43.

He watched the rise of Hitler with growing alarm, never knowing that his own name would be invoked at his wife’s interrogation for anti-Nazi activities. He would not live to see his Germany twisted out of all recognition. His had been a cultured, erudite country. He did not understand what it was becoming.

He died in Berlin, the city of his birth, in 1936, aged 73.

There he was cremated.

Johanna Solf, nee Dotti, stood before the notorious judge Roland Freisler in 1944.

He asked, “You called our treatment of the Jews ‘inhuman’?”

“Yes,” she replied.

“What was your husband’s political ideology?”

“He was a humanitarian; he tried to be a good Christian, he served his country and helped his fellow men.”

“Then he was a liberal?”

Freisler taunted.

“Yes, he was.”

This exchange is taken from We Survived: The Stones of Fourteen of the Hidden and Hunted of Nazi Germany, edited by Eric H. Boehm. It was recorded by the Countess Ballenstrem- Solf, whose first name was Lagi.

In her account she tells of an event that was later known as “Frau Solf’s Tea Party’’, how a Gestapo informer named Reckse (or Reckzeh) attended the party and exposed the Solfs and 74 others. Frau Johanna Solf had been known as “the German Scarlet Pimpernel’’ for her activities in helping Jews escape from the Nazis into England. At the “People Court’’ Johanna and Lagi were convicted of “high treason, sedition, favoring the enemy and defeatism”. They were sentenced to Ravensbruck Concentration Camp, but also spent time at the Moabit Remand Prison and Sachsenhausen.

“Hunger affects people differently,” Lagi wrote. “Mother became a living skeleton; I looked like a blown-up rubber doll.”

Their friends (those who did not commit suicide) were all executed: beheaded, shot or hanged. All of the “Gang of Traitors”, as they were known, who had attended the “Tea Party” perished, except for the Solfs. Dr Ludwig Heuss, son of the (future) president, Theodore Heuss, worked for their release.

Earlier, good luck had intervened: Judge Freisler, working late convicting innocent people, had been blown up in an air raid while sitting on the bench.

But the Solfs’ health had been shattered. Otto Isao Solf, in a 1982 letter to this chronicler, wrote: “Although they died natural deaths, my mother and sister had suffered much during their imprisonment by the Nazis and would probably not have died so relatively young, at ages 66 and 46 respectively.” On November 4, 1954, Johanna Solf died at Stamberg, Bavaria. Thirteen months later to the day, on December 4, So’oa’emalelagi, the Countess Ballenstrem-Solf, died in Bonn.

After the war, Otto transferred his father’s um, “and he is now with my mother in Stamberg.”

Epilogue The year 1982 was a bad one for the government of Western Samoa. Several administrations failed, the parliament met for only a handful of days, and the economy was reeling from disastrously high tariffs and the earlier PSA strike. At Christmas time I visited a Samoan family with whom I had once lived. They expressed disgust at the whole business, and, more directly, at the prime minister who had refused to resign. They turned to me and asked if I saw any solution. Full of my study of Solf and the German administration, I replied, half-jokingly, “I think the malo Siamani (German government) should return.”

The old lady in the family became animated. “Sa’o, sa'6!” she exclaimed. (“That’s right!”) And then she said, “E lelei le Kovana Solofa .” (“Solf was a good governor.”) 58 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 YESTERDAY

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Beginning on June 17, Air Pacific’s new chairman, Suva civil engineer John Hill, explained at a June press conference, Fiji’s business houses and citizens would be invited to lend the airline cash in multiples of SFSOOO for from three to five years. Yearly interest of 20 per cent will be payable, immediately on receipt of the loan, in Air Pacific flight tickets or freight charges for the life of the loan and for 12 months afterwards.

Already some Fiji business houses have promised loan parcels of $lOO,OOO.

Air Pacific is also acquiring naming rights on a building in Sydney. The building, which will be leased and called Fiji House, will have the flight reservations section on the ground floor and will house the Fiji Visitors Bureau and the Fiji Consulate-General.

Mr Hill gave details of the agreement with the US-based Western Airlines to combine in a new, three-times-a-week Fiji- Honolulu-Los Angeles flight beginning on September 20. Air Pacific will lease a DC-10 aircraft from Western for SUS 162,500 a month. American tourists in Fiji, said Mr Hill, are 20,000 a year fewer now than they were 10 years ago because airlines give preference to through passengers to New Zealand and Australia. Air Pacific had already booked in Los Angeles 400 Americans who had been wait-listed by Air New Zealand for October. It is hoped the service will add another $2O million a year to Air Pacific’s present income of $37 million.

Similar joint ventures are planned with other airlines including Japan Air Lines, and arrangements have been made for British Caledonian Airways to take on passengers from Los Angeles to Europe.

Meanwhile, there will be a saving of another $1 million a year through the reduction in OPEC fuel prices and an extension to 90 days of a 30-day account with Shell.

One prong of the big costcutting drive ran into trouble in June when the Air Pacific Employees Association rejected the management proposal that employees take a voluntary 10 per cent cut in wages with reimbursement later through a series of options on $1 Air Pacific shares.

About 200 members met to discuss the proposal and in a secret ballot, rejected it by a large majority. Through this scheme the airline hoped to save $1 million in the coming year.

Previously, union officials had accepted the proposal in principle, subject to ratification by members.

Doors shut at Moneysaver Moneysaver Supermarket, operated by Rusco at Aorangi on Rarotonga, has gone out of business. Sources associated with the company have blamed the demise of the store on the distance from the main shopping centre at Avarua, changes in local spending habits and the high costs of electricity. The premises have been purchased by the Cook Islands government as the headquarters for the newly established Ministry of Resources under the direction of the Hon Tupui Henry. The two-acre property contains storage space, freezers W. G. and office facilities Coppell.

The “20 factors” of Vaturu Dam The Vaturu dam in northwest Viti Levu, Fiji, built by the Australian consortium Hornibrook- Thiess-Leighton, cost about SF23 million more than the original contract of $49.8 million, Fiji Minister for Communication and Works Semesa Sikivou told the Fiji Parliament in June.

The final amount of $73.3 million included work worth $1.2 million for the Fiji Electricity Authority, and $700,000 in extra cost because of exchange rate adjustments.

The Australian consortium’s tender, which contained an escalation clause, was the lowest of four tenders, the others being Biwater Shellabear of Britain $56,487,607, John Mowlem of Britain $59,885,550, and Barclay Brothers of Australia $64,639,006. Mr Sikivou said there were 20 factors connected with the escalation clause but he “did not understand much’’ about the various factors.

Some related to machinery prices in Australia in 1979 and some to prices in 1980 and 1981 while others related to the cost of labor in 1979 and later. An extra $900,000 was added to the final cost by strikes and road blocks.

Another $6,600,000 was added for final measurement of bills of .Quantities and extra.works.

France, China, aid Vanuatu Yves Rolland-Billocart, directorgeneral of the French financial organisation, Caisse Centrale, has had discussions in Vanuatu with Vanuatu President Sokomanu and government ministers over development projects including the cocoa project on the island of Malekula. The project will receive Caisse Centrale support together with aid from the Commonwealth Development Corporation.

Mr Rolland-Billocart said A missing letter from the sign on the Moneysaver Supermarket building highlights the end of trading there. The Cook Islands government will use the building for offices. 59 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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Caisse Centrale was also willing to take part in other projects such as the industrial zone in Port- Vila, coffee development on Tanna, and cattle-raising or coconut development on Santo.

A mission will also be sent from France to study infrastructure development on Santo, including improvements to Santo Airport.

Caisse Centrale operated in Vanuatu before independence (July, 1980) and, said the Director-General, it would maintain its presence in Vanuatu for as long as it was welcomed.

An eight-member delegation from the People’s Republic of China has had talks in Vanuatu with ministers and senior government officials on projects which China is expected to aid. Projects on several islands, particularly concerned with agriculture, were inspected.

Guadalcanal road help from ADB The Asian Development Bank is to provide technical assistance for the upgrading of roads on Solomon Islands’ Guadalcanal Island.

Main objective of the assistance is to promote development of roads which would provide year-round access to the “agricultural opportunity areas”, markets and social and administrative centres on the island. The improved road infrastructure would help the movement of goods and people at a reasonable cost, and help increase production and improve living standards of the rural population.

The government has emphasised the role of road transport in promoting rural development in view of the dispersal of population in small groups, and deficiencies of coastal shipping services. Accordingly, the government has accorded high priority to the proposed road development in Guadalcanal which contains the largest plains in the otherwise mostly mountainous group of Islands.

Consultant services will be provided under the technical assistance to carry out economic and engineering investigations for the extension of the main road beyond Aola to Marau Sound (60 km) and upgrading of its gravel sections, namely, Lambi-Poha (50 km) on the west of Honiara, and Mbinu-Aola (40 km) on its east, to all-weather low-cost asphalt surfacing standard.

The consultants’ work will be carried out in two phases. Phase I will consist of surveys, preliminary engineering and economic analyses of about 150 km of road. After a review of the results of the first phase, the consultants will proceed with Phase II involving detailed designs, cost estimates, construction schedules and other documents for implementation of the selected road construction and imporovements.

Health hope in water project on Tarawa Australia is providing $3.21 million under its overseas development assistance program to upgrade and extend the water supply system on Tarawa atoll, Kiribati. The project is expected to be completed within three years.

Pollution of groundwater supplies has been a problem on the main atoll of Tarawa for some time. The new project will provide a substantial increase in the supply of clean water and replace the present expensive method of water delivery by tanker.

The project, to be managed by the Australian department of housing and construction, will tap underground water sources away from densely populated areas and upgrade rainwater collection systems. Reticulation throughout the atoll will be extended. Local counterpart staff will be trained in the operation and maintenance of the new water supply, and the Kiribati Government has agreed to be responsible for the recurrent costs of the system. The project will create a large number of local jobs.

The combination of new water supplies and the recently completed $6.4 million sewerage scheme funded under Australia’s aid program should help reduce the incidence of water-related illness at Tarawa (such as gastrointestinal diseases and cholera).

This should in turn lead to reduced infant mortality and better general health for the local population.

A stirring occasion: In Sydney, Mosese Qionibaravi (left), Fiji tourism minister, and John Brown, Australian tourism minister, stir up the coals for a display by Fijian fire walkers. The occasion was a travel show to boost Pacific tourism. - AIS picture. 61 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY AUGUST, 1983

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Malaysia sells to the Pacific In the past 10 years Malaysia has been undergoing a rapid period of internal change and growth as it shifts from a labor-intensive economy to a new economy based on technology and capital investment.

Rubber, the long-established staple export, still earns money for Malaysia but it has been outstripped by crude petroleum, palm oil and manufactures.

The development of the manufacturing industry is the most significant indicator of what is happening in today’s Malaysia.

Petroleum is at the top of the earning list, but manufactures come next ahead of palm oil, rubber, timber and tin. Present figures suggest that manufactured goods provide about 20 percent of the country’s export earnings, and about a third of the manufactures is in the electronics and electronic components industry.

This month Malaysia will send a trade delegation to three Pacific Island countries Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Fiji. This is a direct result of the growth of the manufacturing industry, followed by a drive to obtain new markets.

The range of goods available from the new Malaysia is impressive. There is a wide range of basic food products, including meat, vegetable and fish products, and a big range of canned goods. Not surprisingly Malaysia has become a leading world supplier of natural rubber products which go to the building, machinery and automotive industries, for domestic use and for medical and industrial users.

Wood and wood manufactured products are also exported. Other exports include glass and plastics, tools, chemicals, clothing, fabrics, industrial machinery, marine equipment, office equipment, building and construction materials and a wide range of metal and machined products.

In the electrical and electronic industries Malaysia produces and exports a huge range of components and equipment, much of it representing newest world technology. It ranges from microcircuits to heavy machinery.

Malaysia has achieved its big shift to manufacturing strength by a number of significant policies. One of these has been to attract subsidiary or partnership operations in Malaysia by wellestablished industrial companies throughout the world. The list of countries which now have operations in Malaysia is a long one. It includes UK, USA, Holland, West Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.

Because of its sound expansion policies and the recognition of investment and expertise from outside, Malaysia was able to achieve a real growth rate of about eight percent for the 10 years until 1980. The world recession has affected growth, but even so the 1981 figure was between six and seven percent.

Part of Malaysia’s success in changing from a labor-intensive to a manufacturing and technological community has been in attracting experienced overseas firms to establish themselves in Malaysia. This has resulted in a huge range of skills for the manufacturing industry. Factory scenes like the one above right are now a familiar part of Malaysian society.

The other pictures at right show part of an industrial estate, and the modern factory set up by the Japanese company Matsushita. Electronics is the biggest manufacturing industry, but the two pictures at left show the range of other manufactures - from salad bowls to gear wheels.

Dato’ Seri Dr Mahathir, prime minister of Malaysia. He came to office at a difficult time as the world recession began to affect his country, but real growth has continued. 63 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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Year Imports Exports Total Balance % of Malaysia’s Trade of Trade Total Trade 1977 27.05 1.51 28.56 -25.54 0.11 1978* 16.21 1.36 17.57 -14.85 0.07 1979* 8.09 1.57 9.66 -6.52 0.03 1980* 47.94 1.41 49.35 -46.53 0.12 1981* 51.53 1.35 52.88 -50.18 0.12 *Peninsular Malaysia Only. (Malaysia’s unfavorable trade balance with Fiji is due to an increase in the value of Malaysia s imports of Fiji sugar under a long-term agreement between the two countries.) Total Balance % of Malaysia’s Year Imports Exports Trade of Trade Total Trade 1973 - 1.23 1.23 -1.23 0.0092 1974 - 0.33 0.33 -0.33 0.0016 1975 Neg. 0.43 0.43 -0.43 0.002 1976 Neg. 0.70 0.70 -0.70 0.003 1977 2.01 1.74 1.75 -1.73 0.006 1978 - 4.83 4.83 -4.83 0.015 1979 0.34 6.13 6.47 -5.79 0.016 1980 0.07 3.82 3.89 -3.75 0.0106 1981 0.97 6.42 7.39 -5.45 0.014088 (The trade balance is in favor of Malaysia, and increasingly so.) MALAYSIA The Malaysians aren’t just coming, they’re here!

The Malaysian trade mission to visit the Pacific in August will visit three countries, Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Solomon Islands.

The mission has been organised by the international trade division of the Malaysian Trade and Industry Ministry.

It will promote interest in Malaysian goods, assess market prospects and arrange channels of distribution.

It will work for closer relationships between Malaysian exporters and Pacific importers, chambers of commerce, governments and trade organisations.

Manufactured goods, materials and foodstuffs will form a prominent part of the trade drive.

Island nations of the South Pacific have a new and very active partner in the fields of trade and aid the Federation of Malaysia.

Indicative of Malaysia’s keen interest in the South Pacific is that it has sent no fewer than three trade missions to the region this year. The third mission is visiting Papua New Guinea, Fiji, and Solomon Islands from August 13-26.

In many ways Malaysia is a “natural” for this role. Its relatively modest size population 14 million means that small Island countries can deal with it with an ease of mind which would probably not apply in the case of some other members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Indonesia, for example, with its 150 million people.

The country is well and truly part of the new wave of hightechnology industrialisation which is at present under way in East Asia Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore are other examples. It thus has much to offer both as trading partner and aid-donor.

But none of this would count for much if Malaysia lacked the political will to involve itself in the affairs of the region. There is absolutely no doubt by now that it does have the political will.

Fiji Malaysia’s closest relationship with a South Pacific nation is undoubtedly with Fiji. It is no accident that the first announcement in a South Pacific country of Malaysia’s new policy of paying much more attention to bilateral relations with Asian and Pacific countries, and much less to traditional ties with the West, was made by Malaysia’s Prime Minister Dato’ Seri Dr Mahathir in Suva.

Speaking in June 1982 at the start of an eight-day visit to Fiji, Tonga, and Western Samoa, Dr Mahathir also revealed that his government had decided to establish a high commission office in Suva.

He said Malaysia expected “no particular political gains” from opening the mission, which for some time would concentrate on building up knowledge of the region, and contacting countries in it.

Malaysia was ready to assist economic development in the region in any way it could, he said.

His country had limited resources, but considerable technical knowledge. It also had specialised educational institutions which it was ready to open up to Pacific Island students.

Dr Mahathir then demonstrated that he was not only capable of taking foreign policy initiatives, but also keenly aware of the necessary limitations on such initiatives.

To a reporter’s suggestion that a formal link might be established between ASEAN and the South Pacific Forum, he replied that such a link would create a “large, clumsy organisation on which the major powers would want to move in”.

Much better, he said, that the two organisations should work together, but as separate entities.

As relations between Malaysia and Fiji enter a new phase “a new chapter”, as Dr Mahathir describes it it is only the latest of many chapters which have gone before.

Ethnic, linguistic and cultural links between the populations of the two countries reach back into pre-history.

A small but impressive piece of evidence of this is nowadays emblazoned on the streets of Sydney.

That city’s massive Queen Victoria Building in George

Malaysia’S Trade With Fiji

(in million ringgit the ringgit is equivalent to about A5O cents)

Malaysia’S Trade With Papua New Guinea

(in million ringgit the ringgit is equivalent to about A5O cents) MALAYSIA’S MULTI-RACIAL POPULATION SCENE (1977 CENSUS) Approximate total population 14 million Indigenous peoples: Malays, Sea Dyaks, Land Dyaks Kadazans, Kenyahs, Melanaus, Muruts. 54.1 per cent Chinese 33.4 per cent Indians 10.1 per cent Others Eurasians, expatriates, etc 2.4 per cent 100.00 per cent 65 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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A member of the Sime Darby Group Street is at present the subject of a major re-development. Around its four sides, above the awnings, are a series of brightly painted metal panels carrying translations in scores of languages of the words “Queen Victoria Building, Sydney City Council Development Project”.

In the Malay version, “Queen Victoria” is translated as “Ratu Victoria”, the very same greatchiefly title borne by Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara of Fiji, and other traditional leaders in that country. Other linguistic parallels abound.

In modern times, relations were renewed well before either country achieved independence (Malaysia 1957, Fiji 1970).

In Malaya’s anti-communist Emergency of the early 19505, a Fiji contingent made a considerable name for itself in combatting the insurgents.(ln their leisure hours, members of the contingent also proved to be very popular cricketers.) Ratu Mara, on a number of visits, made a careful study of the politics of Malaya (the name was changed to Malaysia in 1963), the more so as the problems created by the delicate racial balance of its population (see table) closely resembled Fiji’s own.

Ratu Mara himself has acknowledged that the multi-racial concept and even the name of his Alliance Party, which has ruled Fiji since independence, were inspired by the Malayan Chinese Association-United Malays National Organisation Alliance (MCA-UMNO Alliance), which, headed by Tunku Abdul Rahman, led Malaya to independence in 1957. Reinforced by the Malayan Indian Congress (MIC), it later became known simply as the Alliance Party.

PNG Although not so venerable as Malaysia-Fiji relations, Malaysia’s relationship with Papua New Guinea has been developing steadily over recent years.

Leading officials of the two countries have been in regular contact both through meetings of the Commonwealth, and meetings of ASEAN, with which PNG has observer status.

In talks late last year in Port Moresby, PNG Prime Minister Michael Somare and Dr Mahathir reached agreement on the strengthening of bilateral relations, with Malaysia increasing its technical assistance to PNG and developing more comprehensive trade links.

Malaysia also undertook to help PNG identify investment opportunities.

Visiting Kuala Lumpur in the last week of June, PNG Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister Rabbie Namaliu singled out oil palm and rubber plantation development as areas in which his country would look to Malaysia for help.

Mr Somare is scheduled to visit Malaysia in November on his way to New Delhi for the Commonwealth summit meeting.

Solomons Diplomatic relations between Malaysia and Solomon Islands were formally established on May 10, 1983.

The move followed a hurried June 1982 meeting at Honiara’s Henderson Airport between Solomons PM Solomon Mamaloni and Dr Mahathir, who was on his way to visit Fiji, Tonga, and Western Samoa.

Malaysia’s High Commissioner in PNG, Kamarudin Abu, will be accredited to Honiara, and Solomon Islands will appoint a non-resident high commissioner to Malaysia.

A “Country Profile” on Solomon Islands issued by Malaysia’s Ministry of Trade and Industry to members of the August trade delegation says; “Trade between Malaysia and Solomon Islands is negligible, amounting to only 0.31 million ringgit in 1982 (the ringgit is roughly equivalent to A5O cents). Malaysia’s exports have yet to make any significant inroads into Solomon Islands, and in 1982 amounted to only 0.21 million ringgit. The main export items were veneers, plywood, rubber tyres, and textile fabrics”. Malcolm Salmon. 66 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 MALAYSIA

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reports from Tubuai, Austral Islands , French Polynesia: • SCOTCH MIST 11. A luxurious 29 m aluminum cutter (reported on in PIM Nov. ’B2) called at Tubuai from New Zealand with professional crew: captain John Clyde-Smith, Andrew Crawford, David Hawke, Debbie Dowdney (all U.K.) and Roger Janes (Aust). The large yacht was built by a shipyard in Stockton, Calif, and is equipped with two 250 HP Caterpillar diesels, a furling mainsail on a 30m mast, two furling headsails, a large inflatable with 50 HP outboard, two Boston Whalers with 25 HP outboards, central heating and air conditioning, 250-gallon per day water-maker and many other luxurious and high-tech appointments. American-owned and registered, the yacht is being returned to Florida after a Pacific cruise to Australia. • WINDANA WYANG. A 13m Bowden-designed steel cutter of the Sea Mist class, built in Sydney in 1971, arrived in Tubuai 21 days out of Auckland. Captain-owner lan Surplice and crew Stuart Melville, both of Australia, left for Raivavae and Tahiti with plans to cruise in French Polynesia, including the Marquesas, before returning to Australia by the end of the year via Cook Islands, Samoa, Tonga and Fiji. The cruise commenced from Sydney in January.

Windana Wyang means “Which Way Now” in one of the Australian Aboriginal languages. • TIMESPINNER. An 11m Alberg sloop, Canadian-built and owned, arrived in Tubuai from New Zealand with captain Peter Garnett, and Marie de Troosteurbergh (Belgian) and cat Baggy wrinkle. Peter started cruising in 1978 from Toronto to New York via the Hudson River and down the U.S. East Coast to Florida, the Bahamas and Caribbean islands, where he met Marie. They cruised to Trinidad, Venezuela, Curasao, Panama Canal to Galapagos, Marquesas, Tuamotus, Tahiti, American Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, New Zealand. They left Tubuai for Vancouver via the Tuamotus, Marquesas and maybe Hawaii. Both Timespinner and Windana Wyang were at Tubuai during cyclone Veena’s devastating passage through French Polynesia. Fortunately, they were virtually untouched. • KENNEMER. A 12.5 m Carib fibreglass sloop registered in Tortola, British Virgin Islands (reported on in PIM Nov. ’B2), with Martin and Gerda Witkamp, arrived in Tubuai from Tahiti. Martin and Gerda are originally from Holland but have been naturalised American citizens for many years. Martin is a retired biologist. They commenced cruising in 1977 after six years bareboat chartering their yacht in St Vincent and have they done some cruising!

Caribbean to North Carolina for work, then to Mexico, Honduras, Florida, Bermuda, Azores, Ireland, the Caledonian Canal to Norway, Denmark, Germany, Holland for a summer, thence England, Spain, Portugal, Madeira, Canaries and back to the Caribbean. Later to Guyana, Trinidad, Venezuela, Panama and back to Florida to see new grandchildren.

Returned to Panama via Belize for canal transit 1980 and on to Cocos Island, Galapagos, Pitcairn, Gambiers, Marquesas, Tuamotus, Societies, then north to Christmas Island and Hawaii. After more grandchildren visits (by air) the Witkamps left Hawaii for the Marshalls, A long way home: Peter Garnett and Marie de Troosteurbergh have a long way to take their dinghy over the shallow reef to their Canadian-based sloop Timespinner. - Tubuai picture. 69 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

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Tahiti Samoa ™

xot QerjeralSteanjship Qorporatioq^rm General Agents 400 California Street, San Francisco, CA, USA PAPEETE: Agence Maritime Internationale, Tahiti PAGO PAGO: Polynesia Shipping Services, Inc.

APIA: Burns Philp (South Sea) Company, Ltd.

Kosrae, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Wallis, the two Samaos and Suvarov. They were overtaken by cyclone Prena between Suvarov and Penrhyn where they recuperated and repaired considerable damage. They sailed from Penrhyn to Tahiti to be hit by cyclone Veena while well anchored in Papeete harbor where they experienced no damage. They couldn’t say enough about the skill and helpfulness of the various harbor tugs and launches assisting the many yachts in distress in Papeete during Veena.

After cruising the other Austral Islands they plan to continue to New Zealand. They have two radio call signs: N4DMC (Martin) and T2JBE (Gerda). • SEA HONEY. A'l2m Hartleydesigned ferro-cement sloop from Fremantle, Western Australia, arrived at Tubuai from New Zealand with captain Graham Norton, his son Jeff and additional crew of Peter Fox, Rob Taylor and Kevin; (all Aust.).

They are on a fast-paced, nine-month cruise of the South Pacific. From Fremantle they sailed the south coast of Australia, on to New Zealand and Tubuai which they left after a short visit headed for Tahiti. They will then head west through the islands for Torres Strait, Darwin and home. • RASHABA. A 14m Belgian cutter on a world cruise called at Tubuai from Tahiti with the Levie family, father, mother and their three young daughters.

Australian yachtsmen lan Surplice and Stuart Melville on board the steel cutter Windana Wyang. - Tubuai picture The Bounty 35 Vagabundo, sailed by Helio Setti and Cindy Dumas from the USA, displays sleek lines off the Royal Papua Yacht Club, Port Moresby. 70 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 YACHTS

MnaMmnmiE JWIIM

Local Agents And

REPRESENTATION 428 George St., Sydney.

Cables: Henco Sydney.

G.P.O. Box 3949.

Telephone: 232 5377.

Papua New Guinea

RABAUL: M. & C. Seeto, P.O. Box 131, Rabaul.

Telephone 92 2919.

MADANG: W. Double, P.O. Box 22, Madang.

Telephone 82 2696.

FIJI K. Witherington Ltd., P.O. Box 293, Suva.

Telephone 22 356.

For specialised and personalised buying service throughout the Pacific Islands and the East.

Resident Agents in other Pacific Territories.

VANUATU John Lum & Associates, P.O. Box 65, Santo.

Telephone 329.

Solomon Islands

Mr. Tom Lo, P.O. Box 327, Honiara.

Telephone 399 xpWters

Shipping Schedules

Should any shipping company wish to have its services cargo and passenger included in these listings they should contact PIM.

Australia - Fiji

Karlander (Aust) Pty. Ltd. operates monthly cargo services from Sydney to Suva and Lautoka.

Details from Karlander (Aust) Pty.

Ltd., 19-31 Pitt Street, Sydney (232- 1011), Dalgety Shipping, World Trade Centre, Melbourne (616-6700). Burns Philp (SS) Co. Ltd., Suva and Lautoka.

Sofrana-Unilines (Fiji Express Line) operates to Suva and Lautoka every two weeks from the main ports on the east coast of Australia and monthly to Lautoka from Melbourne and Sydney.

Details from Sofrana-Unilines, 19 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-9851), Trans- Austral Shipping Pty.Ltd., 570 Bourke Street, Melbourne (67-9162); ACTA Pty. Ltd., Brisbane (221-3116); Elders- ANL Pty. Ltd., Port Adelaide (47-5688); Newcastle, Sofrana Sydney (27-9851); Clements and Marshall, Burnie, Tasmania (31-1833), Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thomson St., Suva, Fiji (312-244), Tlx 2199 FJ.

Australia - Samoas - Tonga

Warner Pacific Lines operates a regular cargo service from Sydney and Melbourne to Nukualofa, Pago Pago, Apia and Vavau.

Details from Hetherington Wesfarmers Shipping Agency, 37-49 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-1671).

AUSTRALIA - NEW CALEDONIA -

Fiji - Samoas - Tonga

Pacific Forum Line operates a fully containerised service (general, reefer and ro-ro) from Sydney to Noumea, Lautoka, Suva, Apia, Pago Pago, Nuku’alofa, Sydney. Cargo centralised from Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane.

Details from Pacific Forum Line, Sydney; Union Bulkships, Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne; SATO, Noumea, Union Company, Lautoka, Suva and Nuku’alofa: Pacific Forum Line, Apia.

AUSTRALIA - LORD HOWE IS -

Norfolk Is

Compagnie des Chargeurs Caledoniens operates four-weekly cargo service Sydney - Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island.

Details: Hetherington Wesfarmers Shipping Agency, 37-49 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-1671).

Australia - Kiribati

Karlander operates a 5/6 weekly service from Melbourne and Sydney to Kiribati (Tarawa).

Details: Karlander (Aust) Pty. Ltd., 19-31 Pitt Street, Sydney (232-1011).

Australia - Nauru - Marshall

Is. - Kiribati

Nauru Pacific Line operates regular cargo/passenger service from Melbourne to Nauru, Majuro and Tarawa.

Details: Nauru Corporation (Vic.) Inc. (Shipping Division), Nauru House, 80 Collins Street, Melbourne (653-5709).

Nedlloyd Swire, 8 Spring Street, Sydney (2-0522).

Australia - New Caledonia

(And/Or) Vanuatu

Sofrana-Unilines ships serve Noumea every two weeks from the main ports along the east Australian coast.

Details from Sofrana-Unilines, 19 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-9851), Trans- Austral Shipping Pty. Ltd., 570 Bourke Street, Melbourne (67-9162), ACTA Pty. Ltd., Brisbane (221-3116), Elders- ANL Pty. Ltd., Port Adelaide (47-5688), Newcastle, Sofrana Sydney (27-9851); Clements & Marshall, Burnie, Tasmania (31-1833).

Compagnie des Chargeurs Caledoniens operates a three-weekly containerised cargo service from Sydney to Noumea.

Details Hetherington Wesfarmers Shipping Agency, 37-49 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-1671).

Compagnie Generale Maritime operates a monthly service from Sydney to Noumea, Port Vila and Santo, for containerised and break bulk cargo.

Details Compagnie Generale Maritime, 12 Castlereagh Street, Sydney (23i-3700).

Australia New Zealand

The Australian National Line (ANL) and the Shipping Corporation of New Zealand operate a 21 day container service between Sydney and Melbourne to Auckland, Wellington, Lyttelton and Port Chalmers.

Details from ANL, 20 Bond Street, Sydney (232-0444) and Shipping Corporation of New Zealand Ltd., PO Box 3420, Auckland, (797-210).

AUSTRALIA - NZ - FIJI -

Hawaii - Us

P & O liners call at Auckland, Suva, Pago Pago and Honolulu on eastbound and westbound voyages between Sydney and the US.

Details from P & O Booking Centre, World Travel Headquarters Pty.Ltd., 33 Bligh Street, Sydney (237-0333).

AUSTRALIA - NZ - FIJI - TONGA - VANUATU - NEW CALEDONIA -

Solomons - Samoas - New

GUINEA Sitmar Cruises operates a yearround cruise program to include the above countries.

Details from Sitmar Cruises, 39 Martin Place, Sydney (239-9000).

AUSTRALIA - NZ - FIJI - TONGA - VANUATU - NEW CALEDONIA -

Solomons - Samoas - Tahiti

P & O liners call at Auckland, Bay of Islands, Honiara, Lautoka, Noumea, Nukualofa, Pago Pago, Papeete, Port Moresby, Santo, Savusavu, Suva, Vavau and Vila on cruises from Australia.

Details from P & O Booking Centre, World Travel Headquarters Pty. Ltd.. 33 Bligh Street, Sydney (237-0333).

AUSTRALIA - NZ - SOLOMONS - PNG Pacific Forum Line operates containerised and general cargo service from Lyttelton, Napier and Auckland to Honiara, Lae, Port Moresby, Brisbane.

Details from Pacific Forum Line, Auckland and Sydney: Steamships Shipping, Port Moresby; Sullivans Ltd., Honiara: Union Bulkships, Brisbane.

Australia - Micronesia

Nauru Pacific Line operates a regular container service from Melbourne to Ponape, Truk, Guam and Saipan.

Details Nauru Corporation (Vic.) Inc. (Shipping Division), Nauru House, 80 Collins Street, Melbourne, (653-5709), Nedlloyd Swire, 8 Spring Street, Sydney (2-0522).

Australia - Tuvalu

Karlander operates a three monthly service from Sydney and Melbourne to Tuvalu (Funafuti).

Details from Karlander (Aust.) Pty.

Ltd., 19-31 Pitt Street, Sydney (232- 1011).

Australia - Png

Karlander New Guinea Line’s cargo vessels call at Melbourne, Sydney, Port Moresby, Lae, Madang, Wewak, Manus, Kimbe, Rabaul, Popondetta.

Details from Karlander (Aust.) Pty.

Ltd., 19-31 Pitt Street, Sydney (232- 1011), Dalgety Shipping, World Trade Centre, Melbourne (616-6700).

Sofrana-Unilines (PNG Line) operates a monthly service to Port Moresby and Lae, from main ports on the east coast of Australia.

Details from Sofrana-Unilines, 19 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-9851); Trans- Austral Shipping Pty. Ltd., 570 Bourke Street, Melbourne (67-9162); ACTA Pty. Ltd., Brisbane (221-3116); Elders ANL Pty. Ltd., Port Adelaide (47-5688).

AUSTRALIA - PNG - SOLOMONS - VANUATU A consortium of NGAL/PNGL and CONPAC/NEL have five vessels operating a joint service from east coast Australian ports to Port Moresby, Lae, Alotau, Madang, Wewak, Rabaul, Kavieng-Kimbe, Kieta, Honiara, Vila, Santo.

Details from Burns, Philp & Co. Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney, (2-0547); Interocean Swire, 8 Spring Street, Sydney (2-0522); New Guinea Express Lines, 37 Pitt Street, Sydney, (241- 3991); Vila Agents, PO Box 971, Port- Vila (2490) Tlx. NH1044.

New Guinea Express Lines operates a weekly container service from Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane to Port Moresby, Lae, Alotau, Kimbe, Rabaul, Kieta, Honiara, Kavieng, Madang, Wewak, Santo, Vila.

Details from New Guinea Express Lines, PO Box R 73, Royal Exchange, Sydney (241-3991); New Guinea Express Lines, 127 Creek Street, Brisbane (221-9333); New Guinea Express Lines, 327 Collins Street, Melbourne (61-3053); Niugini Express Lines, Port Moresby (21-4572); Lae (42-1536); Rabtrad Niugini Pty. Ltd., Rabaul (92- 2911) and Kieta (95-6185); Alotau Stevedoring & Transport, Alotau (61- 1318); Ngatia Wholesalers Pty. Ltd., Kimbe (93-5102); and Trading Company, Mendana Avenue, Honiara (588).

Australia - Tahiti

Compagnie Generate Maritime operates a monthly service from Sydney to Papeete for containerised and breakbulk cargo.

Details Compagnie Generate Maritime, 12 Castlereagh Street, Sydney (231-3700).

Australia - Tahiti - Us

Karlander operates a monthly cargo service from Melbourne and Sydney to Papeete, US west coast.

Details: Karlander (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., 19-31 Pitt Street, Sydney (232-1011).

Australia - Nz - West Coast

South America

South Pacific Seaboard Service offers a regular cargo service from Brisbane, Sydney, Adelaide and Melbourne to New Zealand ports Lyttelton and Tauranga and to the west coast of South America, calling at Beu’ventura, Guayaquil, Cailao and other ports on inducement.

Details from South Pacific Seaboard Service agents, Meridian Shipping & Transport Agencies, 50 Clarence Street, Sydney (290-1633), Tlx 25970; Melbourne (67-5907); Brisbane (267- 6355); Adelaide (47-6600); Ocean- 71 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

Cargo Vessel For Sale

405 gross tons, 166 net, 420 dwt.

Length 47.3 metres. Beam 7.5 metres, Draft 3.8 metres.

Dcutz SBA 8M Diesel, 585 S.H.P. at 750 rpm. 2.5: 1 reduction driving variable pitch propeller giving about 10.5 knots. 2 holds giving 28000 cu ft grain capacity.

Hydraulic deck gear with swinging derricks.

No. 1 hatch 3 ton s.w.l. No. 2 hatch 5 ton s.w.l.

Radar, auto pilot, 5.5.8., V.H.F.

In class with Bureau Veritas and in excellent condition.

Lying at Port-Vila, Vanuatu.

AslBo,ooo Contact: Vanua Navigation Ltd.

P.O. Box 44, Port-Vila, Vanuatu Telephone: 2027, 2028. Telex: 1033 VANUA bridge Shipping Ltd., 22 Emily Place, Auckland (33-279). Tlx 60523; lan Taylor Y Cia Ltda, Prat 827 Of. 301, Valparaiso, Chile (59096), Tlx. 30331.

SINGAPORE - HONG KONG - FIJI -

Islands Ports

Kyowa Shipping Co. Ltd. operates a monthly service from Singapore, Hong Kong to Lautoka, Suva and then to island ports.

Details from Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thompson Street, Suva, (312- 244), Tlx FJ2199.

Far East - Fiji - New

ZEALAND New Zealand Unit Express (NZUE) operates a monthly palletised cargo service from Manila, Keelung, Kaoshiung and Hongkong to Lautoka, Suva and thence to NZ.

Details from Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thompson Street, Suva (312-244), Tlx Fj2199, Burns Philp, Suva (311- 777) P&O S.N. Co. Wellington (736- 477) or Nedlloyd Swire Pty. Ltd., Sydney (20-522).

Nedlloyd operates bi-weekly cargo service with four ships from Sourabaya, Jakarta, Bangkok, Port Kelang and Singapore to Suva, Lautoka and NZ ports.

Details from Nedlloyd (Aust.) Pty.

Ltd., 8 Spring St., Sydney (27-3801), Burns Philp (SS) Co. Ltd., Suva and Lautoka.

Far East - Mid-S. Pacific

China Navigation’s New Guinea Pacific Line operates a regular container service from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Manila, Port Kelang and Singapore to Port Moresby, Lae, Rabaul and Honiara monthly and to Wewak, Madang and Kieta every three months. Cargo from the same Far Eastern ports to the South Pacific ports of Noumea, Santo, Vila, Papeete, Pago Pago, Apia, Rarotonga and Tarawa will be shipped via Japan on the monthly Bali Hai service.

Details from Steamships Trading Co.

Ltd., P.O. Box 1, Port Moresby (22- 0222).

Kyowa Shipping Ltd., operates monthly services from Japan to Guam, Saipan, Solomons, New Caledonia, Fiji, Western and American Samoa, Tahiti, Cook Is. Tonga and Vanuatu.

Details: Hetherington Wesfarmers Shipping Agency, 37-49 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-1671); Carpenters Shipping, Suva (312-244), Tlx FJ2199.

Japan - Fiji - Island Ports

Kyowa Shipping Co. Ltd., operates a monthly service from main ports of Japan to Suva and Lautoka and thence to island ports.

Details from Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thompson St., Suva (312-244), Tlx FJ2199.

Japan - Fiji - Island Ports

Bali Hai service operates a monthly service from main ports of Japan to Suva and Lautoka and thence to island ports.

Details from Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thompson St., Suva (312-244), Tlx FJ2199 and Burns Philp, Suva (311-777).

Japan - Micronesia

The NYK Shipping Line operates a monthly cargo service from Japan to Micronesia, calling at Yoko, Nagoya, Kobe, Guam, Saipan, Truk, Ponape and Majuro, returning via Yoko, Nagoya and Kobe.

Details from Burns, Philp & Co. Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (2-0547).

Japan - Png

Mitsui O.S.K. Lines operates a monthly service from main ports Japan and Port Moresby, Rabaul, Lae, Madang, Kieta and Kimbe.

Details from Robert Laurie (PNG) Pty. Ltd., PO Box 922, Port Moresby (21-2466/21-1898).

New Caledonia - Fiji - West

Coast North America

PAD Line operates an approx. 3weekly ro-ro service from Noumea and Suva to Honolulu and West Coast USA and Canadian ports.

Details from Sofrana-Unilines SA, BP 1602, Noumea (27-51-91), Tlx NMO4B; Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thompson St., Suva (312-244), Tlx FJ2199.

Png - Inter - Mainport

Papua New Guinea Line offers scheduled 10-20 day coastal liner services linking all PNG major ports with containerisation, reefer, heavy lift and transhipment facilities.

Details from PNG Line, Box 543, Port Moresby, PNG (21-1174), Tlx 22269.

Png- Uk7Continent

The Bank Line operates regular cargo service from Port Moresby, Oro Bay, Kieta, Rabaul, Kimbe, Madang and Lae to Hull, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Le Havre.

Details from The Bank Line (A’asia) Pty. Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (27- 2041); Burns Philp (PNG) Ltd. PNG ports.

Solomons - Uk/Continent

The Bank Line operates regular cargo service from Honiara to Hull, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Le Havre.

Details from The Bank Line (A’asia) Pty. Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (27- 2041); Tradco Shipping (588).

NEW ZEALAND - VANUATU -

Solomon Islands - Papua New

Guinea - Australia

Pacific Forum Line operates a 28 day cycle container shipping service from New Zealand direct to Vila, then on to Honiara, Lae, Port Moresby, Brisbane, back to Lyttelton, Napier and Auckland.

Details from Pacific Forum Line, PO Box 796, Auckland (790-050) Tlx 60480; ADC House, 189 Kent Street, Sydney (27-1077/27-1078) Tlx 25301; PO Box 971, Vila, Vanuatu (2490) Tlx 1044.

NZ - COOK IS - NIUE - TAHITI Shipping Corporation of NZ Ltd. operates cargo services based on pallets and similar units from Auckland to Niue, Cook Islands and Tahiti.

Details from the Shipping Corp. of NZ Ltd., PO Box 3420, Auckland (797- 210). Waterfront Commission, PO Box 61, Rarotonga; Cook Islands; Niue Govt. Offices, Niue Island Compagnie Maritime Polynesienne, BP 368, Papeete, Tahiti.

New Zealand - Tahiti

Pacifique Polynesie Line operates a monthly service carrying general and freezer cargoes to Papeete and outlying islands in the group.

Details from McKay Shipping Ltd., PO Box 1372, Auckland, (30229), Tlx 2554 NZ.

NZ - FIJI Reef operates a regular 18-day service from Auckland to Suva and Lautoka.

Details from Reef Shipping Agencies, PO Box 3382, Auckland, NZ (77- 1221-3); M.V. Fijian Shipping Agencies Ltd., Private Bag, Suva, Fiji (31-1056).

Pacific Line with one ship operates fortnightly ro-ro cargo service New Zealand, Lautoka, Suva.

Details: Sofrana Unilines, 18 Customs Street, Auckland (773-279) PO Box 3614, Telex: NZ2313; Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thompson Street, Suva (312-244), Tlx FJ2199.

Nz - Fiji - North America (Wc)

Blue Star Line Ltd. Pacific Coast container services. Only direct service to and from New Zealand. Blue Star vessels call at Suva and Honolulu on NZ-US-West Coast voyages.

Details from Blueport ACT (NZ) Ltd., PO Box 192, Wellington (739-029).

Burns Philp (SS) Co. Ltd., GPO Box 355, Suva, Fiji (311-777), Tlx. FJ2168 Burship.

Nz - Fiji - Samoas - Tonga

Pacific Forum Line operates a fully containerised three-weekly service (Gen/Reefer) from Auckland to Lautoka, Suva, Apia, Pago Pago and Nukualofa.

Details from Pacific Forum Line, Auckland: Union Co. Auckland, Lautoka, Suva and Nukualofa; Pacific Forum Line, Apia.

NZ - N. CALEDONIA - VANUATU -

Png - Solomons

Sofrana Unilines with three ships operates to Vila and Santo, to Honiara and Papua New Guinea and to Norfolk Island and Noumea.

Details from Sofrana Unilines, 18 Customs Street, Auckland (773-279), PO Box 3614, Tlx. NZ2313.

NZ TAHITI Compagnie Tahitienne Maritime SA (as CTM-Tahiti Line) operates one ship, MV Bounty 111, monthly Papeete New Zealand.

Details from Sofrana Unilines, PO Box 3614, 18 Customs St., Auckland Tlx NZ2313; Agence Maritime Cowan, PO Box 9012, Papeete (39042), Tlx Tahitlin 322 FP Tahiti).

Nz - Tonga - Samoas

Warner Pacific Line services Auckland, Nukualofa, Vavau, Apia, Pago Pago fortnightly carrying general and freezer cargoes.

Details from McKay Shipping Ltd., Downtown House, 21 Queen St., Auckland, PO Box 1372 (30-299). Cables MACSHIP, Telex NZ2554, Warner Pacific Line, Box 93, Nukualofa, Tonga; Mealelei (Western Samoa) Ltd.

Box 4171, Apia, Western Samoa, Kneubuhl Maritime Services, Box 39, Pago Pago, American Samoa, 96799.

Nz - New Caledonia

CP Line operates a monthly cargo service from Auckland, Lyttelton, Napier and Mt. Maunganui to Noumea.

Details from McKay Shipping Ltd., PO Box 1372, Auckland (9-30229); Tlx 2554 NZ.

EUROPE - TAHITI -

New Caledonia

Compagnie Generale Maritime operates services from Europe and Mediterranean ports to Papeete and Noumea using three ro-ro and multipurpose vessels thus ensuring a bimonthly sailing to and from.

Details Compagnie Generale Maritime, 12 Castlereagh Street, Sydney (231-3700). 72 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983

Shipping Schedules

gues labor under serious handicaps, and it is to their credit that they do as well as they do.

Historical topics are generally well done, especially as they relate to uncontroversial topics such as voyages of exploration and Russian activities in the Pacific and the west coast of north America during the last century. Analyses of ethnic and racial relations in the Pacific are fairly accurate. The literature specialist is producing quite good work and has a good feel and understanding of the themes employed by contemporary authors.

Papers on recent and current political developments are based on accurate information. However, analyses are cast in the expected ideologies of Morgan, Engels, and Lenin, about national liberation movements and the incomplete struggle of the oppressed to free themselves from the shackles of Western colonial imperialism.

It is clear from some publications that discussions about a Pan-Pacific Community that are common today in Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and the United States are viewed as an attempt on the part of the capitalist nations to minimise Soviet influence in the islands, and it would be difficult to argue against such an interpretation.

Uhalley and I also met some of the staff in the Institute of U.S.A. and Canada Studies, and the Institute of Far Eastern Studies. The former has recently added to its ranks a specialist on ocean policy who is looking at American policies in the Pacific, especially the U.S. stance on fishing rights, the Law of the Sea Treaty, etc. We met only Japanese specialists in the Institute of Far Eastern Studies. They claim they are primarily concerned with Soviet-Japanese relations, and are not all that interested in Japan’s renewed interests and activities in the islands today.

Interest in the Pacific is certainly not limited to the crew in Moscow. Each May, researchers from around the country gather in Moscow for an annual conference, and this year’s was the 14th. A total of 31 papers were presented, and reportedly approximately 50 participants attended.

A good many of the papers dealt with contemporary issues and reflect a continued strong interest in Australia and New Zealand, e.g., trade union activity in Asia, Australia and the Pacific; the neo-colonial policies of Australia and New Zealand; internal political and economic problems in the two countries; the status of Aboriginals in Australia today; and Japan-Australia relations in the 1980 s.

Other papers were concerned with historical issues such as Australian colonialism and the League of Nations, German- Australian relations in 1938, and the internal political history of New Zealand. Eight papers were on island topics such as Polynesian voyaging and folklore, Russian experience in the last century in Papua New Guinea, and shell money in Melanesia.

Our visit to the Soviet Union was my first and Uhalley’s third.

It was interesting and informative, yet somewhat frustrating.

Our visit was controlled in that we met and talked to individuals whom they wanted us to see.

Access to others, both in and outside the department, was either difficult or not possible.

I note that “reportedly there were about 50 participants in the annual conference. We were not among the 50, and apparently outsiders were not welcome. Our visas were issued for the week of May 22 to 27, and the conference was held on May 19 and 20.

Robert C. Kiste.

Europe - Tahiti - New

CALEDONIA - NEW ZEALAND -

Solomons - Png - Europe

Polish Ocean Lines offers regular monthly sailings for containerised and breakbulk cargo and reefer space, conventional and in reefer containers, from Hamburg, Antwerp, Dunkirk and Rouen to Papeete, Noumea, New Zealand, Honiara, Lae, Manila and Singapore, returning to Europe via Suez.

Other ports in the South Pacific can be served with inducement.

Details from Sotama, BP 9170, Papeete (27805), Tlx. 296; SATO, BP C 2, Noumea (272094), Tlx. 163 NM SATO: Union Steamship Co of NZ, PO Box 50, Apia, Tlx. 25; Williams and Gosling, PO Box 79, Suva (312633), Tlx. 2163; Warner Pacific Line, PO Box 93, Nukualofa (21089), Tlx. 66219; Universal Shipping Agencies, PO Box 2282, Auckland (30930), Tlx. 21517.

EUROPE - TAHITI - W. SAMOA -

Fiji - N. Caledonia

Nedlloyd offers regular cargo services from Northern Europe and U.K. to Papeete, Apia, Fiji and New Caledonia.

Details Nedlloyd (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., 8 Spring Street, Sydney (27-3801); Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thomson St., Suva (312-244), Tlx. 2199 FJ and Vetari Street, Lautoka (63988), Tlx. 5215FJ.

UK - N. CONTINENT - W. SAMOA -

Tonga - Fiji

The Bank Line operates a regular cargo service from Hull, Hamburg, Bremen, Antwerp, Rotterdam and Le Havre to Apia, Nukualofa, Suva and Lautoka.

Details from The Bank Line (A’asia) Pty. Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (27- 2041); Burns Philp (South Sea) Co.

Ltd., Suva and Lautoka.

UK - N. CONTINENT - PNG - SOLOMONS The Bank Line operates a regular cargo service from Hull, Hamburg, Bremen, Antwerp, Rotterdam and Le Havre to Port Moresby, Lae, Madang, Kimbe, Rabaul, Kieta and Honiara and on inducement to Yandina.

Details from The Bank Line (A’sia) Pty. Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (27- 2041); Burns Philp (PNG) Ltd. PNG ports: Tradco Shipping (588).

UK/N. CONTINENT - TAHITI -

N. Caledonia - Vanuatu

The Bank Line operates a regular cargo service from Hull, Hamburg, Bremen, Antwerp, Rotterdam and Le Havre to Papeete, Noumea, Port-Vila and Santo.

Details from The Bank Line (A’asia) Pty. Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (27- 2041); Ets A M. Fare UTE, Papeete; Ets. Ballande, Noumea.

US - FIJI - TAHITI - NZ - AUSTRALIA The Bank Savill Line Ltd. operates regular cargo services from U.S. Gulf ports to Australia and N.Z. Calls at Suva, Lautoka and Papeete on demand.

Details from The Bank and Savill Line Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (27- 2041) or Orient Shipping Services, 32 Bridge Street, Sydney (241-2753).

U.S. - HAWAII - KIRIBATI - MICRONESIA Philippines, Micronesia & Orient Navigation Co. (PM&O Lines) operates regular container service on selfsustained ship with ro-ro capabilities from Oakland, Portland and Honolulu to Tarawa, Ebeye, Majuro, Kosrae, Ponape, Truk, Saipan, Yap and Koror.

Details for Micronesia can be obtained from Larry Guerrero, PM&O Owners Rep. PO Box 803, Saipan, Ml 96950, Cable COMMONTIME, Tlx 783605; PM&O: PM&O Lines, 181 Fremont St., San Francisco, California 94-105, Cable PMONAV.

US - HAWAII - NAURU - MICRONESIA Nauru Pacific Line operates regular conventional container and passenger service from San Francisco and Honolulu to Majuro, Ponape, Truk and Saipan. Cargo is accepted for Nauru and Kosrai with transhipment at Majuro and Ponape.

Details from Nauru Corporation (Vic.) Inc. (Shipping Division), Nauru House, 80 Collins Street, Melbourne (653-5709); Nauru Air and Shipping Agency, Suite 2803, 185 Berry Street, San Fransisco, California 94107 (415- 543-1737); Nauru Air and Shipping Agency, Suite 506, 841 Bishop St., Honolulu, HI 96813 (808-523-0441).

Hawaii - Tahiti - Samoas

Marshall Islands Maritime Co operates a service every 32 days between Honolulu, Papeete, Pago Pago and Apia.

Details from the Maritime Co. of the Pacific, 567 South King Street, Suite 310, Honolulu, Hawaii, Morris Hedstrom, Box 189, Apia, Western Samoa and the Marshall Islands Maritime Co., Box 679, Majuro, Marshall Islands.

Us - Noumea - Fiji

PAD Line operates an approx. 3weekly ro-ro service from West coast USA and Canada to Noumea, Suva and Lautoka.

Details from Sofrana-Unilines SA, BP 1602, Noumea (27-51-91), Tlx.

NMO4B; Carpenters Shipping, Harbour Centre, Thompson Street, Suva (31- 2244), Tlx. FJ2199; Trans-Austral Shipping Pty. Ltd., PO Box R 232, Royal Exchange, 2000 (231-8411), Tlx.

AA21204.

Us - Tahiti - Samoa

Pacific Islands Transport operates a five weekly cargo service from North America west coast ports to Papeete, Pago Pago, Apia.

Details from Polynesia Shipping Services Inc. PO Box 1478, Pago Pago 96799.

Polynesia Line operates container and general cargo service from US west coast ports to Papeete and Pago Pago.

Details from Polynesia Shipping Services Inc., PO Box 1478, Pago Pago 96799.

DEATHS Miss Annie Williams At Lautoka, Fiji, on June 13, of a heart disorder, aged 74.

Miss Williams spent her life as a teacher and was well-known for her interest in the Girl Guide Movement, becoming Girl Guide Dominion Commissioner in Fiji.

She was also president of the Pan-Pacific Asia Women’s Association. She died on her 74th birthday.

Fonoti Galu, & Taula’i Ligoligo Tauiliili In American Samoa, on May 12 and May 13 respectively.

Fonoti Galu represented Saole County in the American Samoa Senate in the 10th Legislature 1966-68, and Taula’i Ligoligo Tauiliili represented Fitiuta County in the House of Representatives from 1959 to 1962.

Both the Senate President and House Speaker expressed the Fono’s condolences to the bereaved families at the passing of two of those who helped to build American Samoa’s political foundations.

Chandra Pal Singh In Suva on June 5, aged 69.

Mr Singh was a member of the Legislative Council in the days before independence. He was bom at Nausori and attended St Columbus School in Suva. In 73 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —AUGUST, 1983 Soviet studies From Page 27 THE MONTH

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PO BOX 77, MOOREBANK, NSW, AUSTRALIA 2170 1940 he joined Suva Motors and became the first local garage supervisor. He then became a dairy farmer and bought a bus company and a sawmill. Mr Singh represented the Indian community in London at the first constitutional conference in 1965. He also served as a board member of the Fiji Broadcasting Commission for three years to 1967.

Dr Bruce Sinclair The dwindling band of pre-war residents of the former Mandated Territory of New Guinea lost another well-known and popular member with the death in mid- June of Dr Bruce Sinclair.

After serving with the Australian Imperial Forces in France during World War 1, in which he received severe wounds from a shell burst which troubled him for the rest of his life, he studied medicine in Sydney during the early 19205. After qualifying and practising for a short time in New South Wales, he joined the New Guinea Administration medical service in 1928 and in 1929 married Sister Maud O’Donnell of Rabaul Hospital.

For 15 years his medical career was confined mainly to postings in Rabaul and at Salamaua in the Morobe goldfields district, where his skills as a medico and surgeon had ample scope.

Following the Japanese invasion of New Guinea he led the last party of Europeans out of Salamaua on a coastal trek on foot down into Papua.

He returned to New Guinea for some years after the war, and then returned to Australia to end his career as medical superintendent of Greenslopes Repatriation Hospital in Brisbane.

Bad health plagued his later years and he spent the last 18 months of his life in hospital with his wife in daily attendance until he finally passed away in his sleep.

Bert E. Weston.

Ratu Simione Batiratu Matanitobua In Fiji on June 6, aged 60.

The Tui (Chief) Namosi, Ratu Simione was a senior education officer whose career spanned 40 years. He was awarded the MBE only this year. He was a wellknown radio personality as producer-presenter of the Ministry of Education’s Fijian program.

The grandson of Ratu Siliano Ro Matanitobua, one of the 13 chiefs who signed the Deed of Cession to Britain in 1874, Ratu Simione had been a member of the Great Council of Chiefs since 1956.

John M. Calver In Canada on May 12 after a long illness, aged 65.

John Calver was a retired Royal Canadian Navy Commander and veteran of World War 2, who came to American Samoa in 1967 as a harbor pilot. He was later named manager of the Water Transportation Division and played an important part in the acquisition of the government vessels, Tatoso, Tavae, Toloa, Manusina, Talitiga and Matu’u.

John Calver’s first tour lasted six years, and in 1979 he was invited to be a temporary harbor pilot, later to become harbor master. 111-health forced him to resign in late 1981. Port Director Maiava Hunkin said of him: “He was a good man and a good friend and worker for American Samoa. He was awarded a certificate of appreciation by Governor Coleman for his efforts. He will be greatly missed by all who knew him.”

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