PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY OjsJOBIK. I%B|l American Samoa .uHws Australia rifl Cook Islands NZ$l.5O Fiji F 51.50 Hawaii USSI9S Kiribati ...t ~..A5175 Nauru ....A51.75 BKSafc=rS2» Niue ZJSL. NZ$l J| Norfolkjsland Solomon Islands Ssl.ss Tahiti.......**.

Tonga P 1.50 Tuvalu S. Mm.-K USA Z3* U®.25 USTT and Guam ........ Us|l.9s Vanuatu 1.5 Q Western SamoajL. TIJS 'Recommended retail price qJly Registered by Australia Pop Publication No NSPiaiOT

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American Samoa $US21 $18 Australia $A18 $18 Canada $US27 $25 Cook Islands $19 Fiji $18 French Polynesia $22 Guam $US23 $20 Hawaii SUS23 $20 Japan $20 Kiribati $19 Micronesia $US23 $20 Nauru $21 New Caledonia $22 New Zealand $NZ24 $18 Niue $19 Norfolk Island $15 Northern Marianas $US23 $20 Papua New Guinea $23 Solomon Islands $19 Tonga $19 Tuvalu $19 United Kingdom Stg 15 $25 US Mainland $US27 $25 Vanuatu $19 Western Samoa $18 Elsewhere $A25 Cover picture: Feathers, bark, leaves and flowers were used to make the tribal symbols carried by these New Guinean coastal women. The photograph was taken by Roger Merchant at the Morobe Show in Lae on the north coast of the Papua New Guinea mainland.

Pacific Islands Monthly

Vol,54 No. 10 October 1982 (USPS 952480) REPRESENTATIVES AUSTRALIA: Distribution: The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd., 44-74 Flinders St., Melbourne, Vic., 3000. Advertising Reps Brisbane D. Wood, Anday Agency, Box 1918, GPO, Brisbane 4001, telephone 44 3485, 44 1546; Adelaide Hastwell Media, PO Box 30, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, 23 Avenue Road, Frewville, SA 5063, telephone 79 9271.

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Published monthly by Pacific Publications (Aust.) Pty. Ltd and printed in Australia by Walter Alteri Printing (Australia) Pty. Ltd., Oingley, Vic.

Australian cover price is recommended retail only. Registered by Australia Post, publication No. NBPI2IO. Second class postage paid at Honolulu, Hawaii. Copyright Pacific Publications (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.

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Pacific Islands Monthly

THE MONTH • NEW CALEDONIA — Helen Fraser reports from Noumea on latest developments in the troubled French territory, and on the promise by High Commissioner Nucci that it will have a new statute embodying more powers of self-government by mid-1983 15 • NOUMEA’S CLARKE CUP FOR GUINNESS? — An Australian jockey who died early this year won Noumea’s premier horse-racing evpnt seven years running — and on the same horse! His daughter reckons the feat should be recorded in The Guinness Book of Records — and a top Australian racing writer agrees 21 • MURDER AT THE STEAM WORKS — Over the past year or so three men have died in mysterious circumstances at the Steam Works, a Honolulu meeting place for male homosexuals. The circumstances cry out “murder” in at least two of the cases, but Honolulu cops face special difficulties in their efforts to solve the cases 21 • 13th SOUTH PACIFIC FORUM — Stuart Inder reports on what was — and what was not — decided at the August Forum meeting in Rotorua, and has a few words to say about the security arrangements for the meeting 44 • NEW ZEALAND IN THE PACIFIC — A closer-than-usual look at the manifold links between New Zealand and the Pacific Islands 35 • WESTERN SAMOA — The (now ousted) of Va’ai Kolone faced massive public opposition over its deal with the New Zealand Government on the citizenship issue 51 • TRAVEL — Dr Stephen Weinstein concludes a two-part series on his off-thebeaten-track holiday in the Hawaiian islands 63 Books 59 Churches 59 Deaths 81 Fiji 31, 32 French Polynesia 17, 53 Hawaii 63 Islands Press 57 Letters 9 Micronesia 53 New Caledonia 15, 21, 31 New Zealand in the Pacific 35, 69 Niue 9 Pacific Forum 9, 44 Pacific Report ...; 5 Papua New Guinea 23, 31, 61 People 31 Political Currents 51 Postmark Papeete 18 Shipping Services 76 Solomon Islands 13, 18 South Pacific Conference 55 Tonga 71 Travel 63 Tradewinds 69 Tropicalities 21 Tuvalu 21, 26 U.S. in the Pacific 13, 55 Vanuatu 9, 21 Western Samoa 51 Yachts 73 * Founded 1930 by R. W. Robson Editor Angus Smales Associate Editor Malcolm Salmon Advertising Manager Stephen Brandon Editorial Adviser John Carter A Pacific Publications production 76 Clarence Street, Sydney 2000 GPO Box 3408 Sydney 2001 Cables: PACPUB Sydney Telex: 21242 (answers INTARAD) Telephone: Sydney 20-231 Melbourne 63-0211 Manager: John Berry (03) 63-0211 Ext. 1860.

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P.O. Box 22, Noumea Phone: 27 2414 HAWAII Australian Consulate 1000 Bishop Street, Hawaii, 96813 Phone: (808)5245050 Ask the Australian LXJ Trade Commissioner PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982 4

Pacific Report

Png Arrest Of Free Papua Leader

Seth Rumkorem, leader of one of the anti-Indonesian groups calling for the independence in Irian Jaya, was arrested in Papua New Guinea in mid-September with nine of his supporters. They had travelled more than 1000 km by sea and had gone ashore at Rabaul where they were detected. There were indications they were making for Solomon Islands or Vanuatu to seek asylum. They were held in custody in Rabaul to face charges of being illegal immigrants, but a magistrate freed them on grounds that investigators had “invited” them ashore.

Prime Minister Dismissed In W. Samoa

Va’ai Kolone, the recently-elected prime minister of Western Samoa, has lost his seat in parliament following a Supreme Court decision which found evidence of irregularities in his election campaigning. However allegations that he had been involved in treating and bribery were not proved.

Tough U.S. Stand In Marshalls Talks

The United States has toughened up its attitude to the Marshall Islands Republic over the negotiations on the proposed Compact of Free Association, which broke down two months ago over the terms of the plebiscite the Marshalls planned to hold in August (PIM Sep. p 5). It was hoped that the talks would restart soon, but the Americans told Marshalls President Amata Kabua in Honolulu in late August that they would not negotiate under duress. About 800 owners of land on the U.S. missile testing base on Kwajalein have been occupying strategic islets on the atoll for many weeks in protest against the terms of the financial settlement offered by the U.S. for use of the atoll. President Kabua was told that the landowners must leave before the negotiations can continue. The Marshallese, in the face of the U.S. veto of the plebiscite which offers them free association with the U.S. or independence, have also hardened their attitude, Foreign Secretary Tony deßrum announcing that the plebiscite will go ahead with independence still an option. The independence option has been rejected as unacceptable by U.S. negotiators.

South Pacific Conference For Pago

The 22nd annual South Pacific Conference will be held at Pago Pago in October. The commissioners of the South Pacific Commission will meet in private on October 20-22, with the official opening on October 23 and the conference proper from October 25-29. (See Paul Addison report, Political Currents.)

Like Oliver, Somare Asks For More

The newly returned Prime Minister in Papua New Guinea, Mr Somare, was unsuccessful late in August in his immediate attempts to extract a higher level of budget aid from Australia.

The best he could do was to gain an undertaking from the Australian Prime Minister, Mr Fraser, that the next aid negotiations would be held in January instead of about 11 months later.

The two countries are in the second year of a five-year agreement under which Australian provides an annual untied grant which makes up nearly 30 percent of the PNG budget. The agreement allows for inflation by increasing the annual figure, but at the same time it reduces the real value of the aid by five percent annually. Because of the tight economic situation in PNG, Mr Somare asked for the waiving of the five percent reduction for at least the next two years. However, Australia has adhered to the formula which fixes the 1982-83 grant at $A254 million. Despite the adamant nature of Mr Fraser’s attitude, there is some belief that the new January talks could bring a measure of relief to PNG if only at the expense of aid to some other countries.

U.S., Palau Sign Compact

The United States and the Republic of Palau on August 26 signed a Compact of Free Association to govern their relations for a period of 50 years. The signing took place in Washington, with Ambassador Fred Zeder signing for the U.S. and Lazarus Salii for Palau. The compact represents the conclusion of 13 years of negotiations. Through it, and its nine subsidiary agreements, Palau will, over the 50-year period, receive approximately SUSI billion, with about 40 per cent of the money earmarked for economic development. The balance will be used for the completion and maintenance of Palau’s public works infrastructure and for the operation of government programs designed to improve health, education and welfare of the islanders. Tax and trade advantages are incorporated in the compact to stimulate American investment and private sector growth. Following approval of the compact by the people of Palau in plebiscite under United Nations observation, and by both Houses of the U.S. Congress, the Palauans will gain control of their defence for which the U.S. will retain responsibility under mutual security arrangements terminable only by mutual consent. The U.S. will have contingency rights to use a designated area in Palau for military training exercises on an intermittent and non-exclusive basis, and to make joint use of two airfields and a harbor. U.S. Information Agency.

Commonwealth Status For Guam

The people of Guam, an unincorporated territory of the United States, have voted, by three to one, to become a commonwealth in association with the United States rather than ask for statehood, which they would not be able to afford. The decision awaits ratification through a Territorial Federal Relations Act on the ballot papers for the general election in November. About 62 percent of the Guam people are Chamorros, as are 75 percent of the people of the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas.

References have been made in the past about possible union, which could result when the two territories have identical status and when the U.S. trusteeship of Micronesia is terminated. A referendum held in January attracted only 37.2 percent of the voters with commonwealth status getting 48.5 percent of those votes against 25.7 percent for statehood, but because of the low poll it was decided to hold a second referendum.

Vanuaaku Party Takes Three Out Of Four

Vanuatu’s governing party, the Vanuaaku Party led by Prime Minister Walter Uni, has won three of four by-elections held to fill seats which have been vacant for more than two years (PIM Sep. p 6). Two seats were taken from the opposition Union of Moderate Parties, Port-Vila Town and Luganville, and the party retained the Efate Rural seat. The Union of Moderate Parties retained the Tanna seat, formerly occupied by Alexis lolu, who was shot dead during an attack on the jail on Tanna in June, 1980. The election results show a strengthening of the Vanuaaku Party’s position, which some observers believed had been weakened by recent internal strife (PIM Aug. p 5).

Fisheries Accord: Noumea’S Windfall

Late August saw the signing of a new Franco-Japanese fisheries agreement. As far as New Caledonia is concerned, the agreement provides that the Japanese may take 5550 tonnes of fish out of the waters of the territory’s exclusive economic zone for a cash return equivalent to about $A230,000 which will go to the Territory’s budget. The Noumea daily Les Nouvelles quoted Henri Emmanuelli, secretary of state for overseas departments and territories, as saying: “The overall provisions of the agreement are in the interests of France, and more particularly of the French overseas territories that are affected: it entails a reaffirmation of the recognition by a foreign state of the economic zones around the overseas territories, improved knowledge of the fisheries potential of the economic zones, royalties to the profit of the overseas territorial budgets, strengthening of maritime economic co-operation with Japan, and strengthening of control over the activities of foreign vessels.”

N.F.P. Man Breaks Ranks In Fiji

Vijay Parmanandam, a National Federation Party member of Fiji’s Parliament, defied party orders in August and accepted an offer by the ruling Alliance Party of the post of Deputy Speaker in the Parliament. Mr Parmanandam said his decision to accept the office was meant as an apology to the Fijian people and their leaders for what he said were the insults heaped upon them during the July general election. He was later expelled from the party, but immediately vowed he would fight the expulsion.

Parliamentarians Agree To Disagree

Delegates at the 32nd Asian-Pacific Parliamentarians’ Union 5 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

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(APPU) at Kolonia, Ponape, failed to agree on a resolution opposing the dumping of nuclear waste in the Pacific. The Japanese delegation indicated that it would refuse to sign the meeting memorandum if the resolution formed part of the record. In a compromise, the APPU approved a memorandum which said consideration of the anti-dumping resolution was deferred to the 33rd council meeting and the 18th APPU general assembly meeting on Guam in January. Earlier, the meeting was told that the Association of Pacific Islands Legislatures (APIL), which includes Guam, the Northern Marianas, Belau, the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia, had adopted a resolution, at its late August meeting on Guam, to create a nuclear-free zone in the Pacific. APPU Council Chairman Daisuke Akita, chief of the Japanese delegation, said Japan had no intention of dumping its nuclear wastes without the consent of the Pacific Islands nations.

Fraser Faces Party Rumblings On Aid

Australian Prime Minister Fraser’s announcement at the South Pacific Forum of increased Australian aid for the South Pacific (up by 50 per cent to SA3OO million over the next five years) has caused rumblings in his own Liberal Party. The Liberal Premier of the State of Western Australia, Mr O’Connor, went on record as saying: “The harsh judgment has to be made that priorities are wrong in a Commonwealth Government which puts overseas aid ahead of the interests at home of the unemployed and the disadvantaged. Overseas aid is a moral obligation, but its allocation, and increases in it, are definitely not of greater priority than the needs of the people of Australia at a time of profound economic uncertainty.” And a newspaper commentator noted: “. . . Mr O’Connor was saying publicly what many Liberals felt privately about Mr Fraser’s sudden burst of overseas largesse.”

Such critics seem blissfully unaware that even “a time of profound economic uncertainty” in Australia would seem to the inhabitants of most island countries a time of unprecendented economic prosperity.

Anti-Nuclear Protester Back Home

Navigator of the Australian anti-nuclear protest yacht Pacific Peacemaker, Lorraine Ethell, 33, returned to Australia with her four children on August 29. The yacht was arrested by the US Coast Guard at Seattle when, with other protest craft, it was seeking to impede the passage of the giant new US Trident nuclear submarine. A bulletin issued by the Pacific Peacemaker support organisation claimed that the coast guardsmen handcuffed the crew, and stood over them with shotguns and submachine guns. Lorraine Ethell told a press conference in Sydney that several members of the crew were mistreated, as they were dragged around the deck in their handcuffs, and had their fingers bent back over a metal bar.

Soviets At Rocket Practice

The, Soviet Union announced at the end of August it would be firing rockets into the central Pacific from September 1-10. Coordinates provided showed that the target area was near Midway Island. Ships and aircraft were warned to stay outside the area each day between 14 and 18 hours local time.

Japanese Fishermen Oppose Dumping

Japan’s National Federation of Fisheries Co-operative Associations has expressed its opposition to the Japanese Government’s plan to dump 10,000 drums of nuclear waste in the Pacific Ocean. The federation is expected to make an official declaration of its policy towards the dumping of nuclear waste, a policy which has been supported by Guam, the Northern Marianas, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands. The four territories have sent letters to the federation, the President of the FSM, Tosiwo Nakayama, writing: “It is the stated policy of my government that low or high level nuclear waste (dumping) by any country is prohibited in all marine areas under the jurisdiction of the Federated States of Micronesia.

This country has also joined other Pacific nations in opposing all nuclear waste dumping by any country in and throughout the i 3CITIC.

Flosse’S Man Romps Home In Tahiti

A by-election in French Polynesia on August 29 to fill a vacant position of Deputy to the National Assembly in Paris was won handsomely in the first round by Tutaha Salmon, candidate of the Tahoeraa Huiraatira party. The vacancy was created when the former Deputy, Gaston Flosse, became Vice-President of French Polynesia’s Government Council following the May elections in the Territory. He cannot hold both this position and that of Deputy. Flosse is the leader of Salmon’s party, and the two are very close political associates. Two features of the election should be noted. First, only 57 percent of eligible voters bothered to go to the polls. It was the fifth election in a year, and, with the result a foregone conclusion, most people preferred to enjoy a beautiful sunny day. Second, the election was a major setback for the Here ai’a party of John Teariki, coalition partner of Francis Sanford’s E’a api party in the former Government Council: its candidate, the relatively unknown Jean Faatau, managed to attract only 897 votes, 5.71 per cent of the total. The candidate of the la mana te nunaa party, Jacqui Drollet, scored 2030 votes, 12.93 per cent of the total. Mr Salmon pulled in 8350 votes, 53.17 per cent of the total. His nearest rival, Emile Vernaudon, new President of the local Territorial Assembly, standing for his own Ai’a api party, got 3993 votes, or 25.43 per cent. Marie-Therese Danielsson. (For a report on New Caledonia’s September 5 by-election which also chose a Deputy see Helen Fraser’s report in this issue.)

Noumea: New Arrest In Declercq Case

Authorities in Noumea have arrested a second man in connection with the murder in September 1981 of Independence Front leader Pierre Declercq. He is Barthelemy Martin, a barman, who has been charged with premeditated murder. A statement by the prosecutor said Martin had been arrested because his presence had been established near the victim’s home at the time of the murder, and he could not justify being there. The testimony he had given immediately after the crime had also now been proven false. The prosecutor said Martin’s arrest would not affect the trial of the first man charged with the murder, Dominique Canon, who was released on bail in July.

Solomons’ Teke Glum On Forum

Solomon Islands Deputy Prime Minister Kamilo Teke says New Zealand and Fiji played too great a part in the 13th South Pacific Forum meeting at Rotorua, New Zealand. Mr Teke, who led his country’s delegation to the meeting, said on his return to Honiara that he was disappointed with the way New Zealand Prime Minister Muldoon had run the Forum. He claimed that Fiji had also tried to dominate the meeting. Mr Teke said he was particularly disappointed with the selection of the new director of the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Co-operation, Mahe Tupouniua, of Tonga. He said Mr Tupouniua had served as director for many years, and Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands all felt that someone from another country should have a turn in the job. Mr Teke added that the applicant from Kiribati had all the necessary qualifications. (See reports on Forum meeting elsewhere in this issue.)

Jimmy Stevens’ Brief Taste Of Freedom

Jimmy Stevens, leader of the failed secessionist revolt on Santo, Vanuatu, in 1980, escaped from prison in Port-Vila on September 12, but was recaptured within a few hours. Stevens is serving a 14 1 /2-year sentence for his part in the revolt.

Stevens escaped with at least five other prisoners, including an Australian, Ken Cassel, who had been sentenced in August to three and a half years imprisonment for theft of the freighter Glenelg from Port-Vila harbor in December last year (PIM Feb. p 6). Under cover of darkness, the escaped prisoners boarded a launch owned by a skin-diving company, threatened the seamen who had charge of it, and took the craft out of the harbor.

The launch was spotted by a light aircraft off the coast of Efate early on September 13, and a government patrol boat put to sea and quickly retrieved the launch and its passengers.

Cannabis Means Calaboose In Cooks

A 37-year-old American, Dalbert Guisenger, husband of a Cook Islander and resident in the Cook Islands for 18 months, has been fined $lOOO and ordered to perform community service for 12 months by Chief Justice Graham Speight in Avarua High Court for importing 2.4 grams of cannabis.

T PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

V ■ Jl * * 5 i Why the DC-IO has three engines.

Two-engine airliners may offer enough seats for passengers on short and medium routes, but they deny airlines the profit-making, cargo-carrying, nation-building advantages of the three-engine DC-10.

That third engine, high in the tail, gives an airline the extra power, range and performance to haul a nation’s freight on proven continental distances, or on long intercontinental routes now opening for development.

Short-haul wide-cabin jets offer a false efficiency because they fail the needs of airlines whose growth opportunities abound when equipped with the versatile big jets like the DC-10.

And there are no other versatile big jets like the DC-10.

DC-10 /VfODO/V/V PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

LETTERS A response to FAF from Niue I was very interested in the article in which Daniel Tardieu has written of the French-made vehicle, the Citroen FAF (PIM Jun. p. 49). It relates very closely to what is happening in all the Islands.

It is no different on Niue, one of the smallest island nations in the world. Our island is surrounded by Tonga, Fiji, Samoa, Tahiti, the Cook Islands, New Zealand and Australia.

From Niue Island (population 3300), people have been drifting to New Zealand and Australia.

There are 12,000 of our people in those countries in 1982.

Our national budget for 1982- 83 is more than SNZ6 million from New Zealand and Australian aid, etc. We are developing slowly, but we are developing.

The vehicles we are buying here are Japanese, Suzuki pickups mainly, and the sale price for such a vehicle new here is $7500. We often buy old pickups from New Zealand that may last three or four years if you’re lucky. Australia’s Holdens eat petrol, which is more than $3 a gallon now.

Our island is supposed to be the biggest uplifted coral island in the world, roughly 29,000 hectares, and about 80 metres above sea level.

Our wharf is now to be developed by Australian aid.

Ships call from New Zealand and other islands.

There’s lots of room for development in Niue. Land is cheap. There are good schools and a good hospital, good access roads, and good rainfall.

I would like to discuss this further with Mr Tardieu because I think Niue could be an ideal place for the development of a FAF assembly industry such as he talks of. I was employed by Ford Motors in Auckland for two years working on ignition and chassis parts for Australia.

Much of our recent development, especially in agriculture, has been helped by French aid, with French experts coming here every now and then.

So if someone could approach our government, or a private company, on the question of starting up this kind of FAF assembly operation in Niue I’d be the first one to make land for the plant.

I certainly am serious in wanting to know more about this, and look forward to hearing from Mr Tardieu about ways to get it moving.

L. K. TUHEGA P.O. Box 132 Alofi Niue Island Defending Hilda Lini (1) I am surprised that PIM (July p. 10) is stooping to be the vehicle for character assassination. the character of the Republic of Vanuatu, and the character of Miss H. Lini, a Vanuatu citizen.

It would be helpful to address an identity in replying to Hilda Lini’s anonymous detractor, but in Vanuatu’s experience such people are often nameless, faceless, gutless little wonders that only come out in the open in mobs.

Hilda has not spoken to the press since joining the South Pacific Commission, most definitely not to the New Caledonian press. The truth of the matter is that the New Caledonian press (the Rightwing elements that fanned the Vanuatu rebellion) are going out of their way to make Hilda’s stay in New Caledonia unpleasant.

The people who fled Vanuatu in the wake of the Vanuatu rebellion did so on their own volition to save their own skins and salve their guilty consciences.

It is sad to note that these people haven’t learnt from that experience. If they want a place to settle at, unjustified attacks on the Republic of Vanuatu are not going to endear them to Vanuatu and printing lies about Hilda in New Caledonia and PIM is the best way to attract Kanaks to her, serving to strengthen the bond between New Caledonian Kanaks and Ni-Vanuatu. In which case if our nameless writer doesn’t hurry up and wake up to the realities of Melanesian politics (particularly in New Caledonia) he or she may be hurriedly packing bags and scurrying after a one-way-ticket one more time!

Unfortunately some people just never learn.

Hilda was with the Vanuaaku Pati long enough for Vanuatu to gain independence, something her present detractors never dreamed would ever be possible!

Hilda has developed as a person and progressed in her life.

What has our nameless letter writer done?

I offer Miss Lini my heartiest congratulations for stumbling on to the perfect place to work.

Where else would she get instant recognition and free publicity promotions while the New Caledonian political climate heats up?

Mata Moligogona

Luganville Santo Vanuatu Defending Hilda Lini (2) Women have always played an unrecognised role in the development of their countries, so it is not surprising to hear abusive and anonymous comments from Noumea about Miss Hilda Lini.

As an organisation which encouraged and endorsed her application to the South Pacific Commission, it seems unfortunate to us that persons in Noumea are unable to recognise the important job Miss Lini has pursued for years in her own country and in the Pacific . . . that of the development of justice and peace for people of the Pacific. She is amply suited for the SPC job with well-proven talents in communication, a wide knowledge of the Pacific, and great respect from Pacific Island women and women from around the world.

The position of Anglophone Co-ordinator of the Pacific Women’s Resource Bureau moves her round the Pacific where she shares her organisational abilities and gives focus and support to the often forgotten 50 per cent of the population. Clearly, this more important work leaves Miss Lini with little time to campaign against insecure French whose colonial policies have left problems which her own country is struggling still to untangle.

Diane Goodwillie

Ofis Blong Ol Meri World YWCA South Pacific Office Nadi Fiji Pita Fanene knew James Bond The death of Pita Fanene Maivia (PIM Aug. p. 73) reminds me that this well-known Samoan sportsman was also in a film that was immensely popular in his own country.

You Only Live Twice, based on lan Fleming’s thriller, featured not only 007, but also Pita Fanene. He played the part of the chauffeur who turned attacker.

Incidentally, this film was on TV in Sydney on the night that the Samoan papers brought news of his death to us here.

Bill Sharpe-Dunn

Westgate NSW Australia Forum rapped on New Caledonia I wish to express my deep concern over the South Pacific Forum’s stand, resolution and attitude towards the New Caledonian issue during their last meeting in Rotorua, New Zealand.

It was both an unbelievable and incomprehensible attitude which showed a total lack of Hilda Lini 9 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

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The attitude taken by the Prime Minister of New Zealand only substantiated his government’s record of a lack of appreciation of human rights. It was only a year ago that his government approved of a racist South African Rugby team’s visit to New Zealand, which almost caused chaos throughout the country. At the Forum he branded New Caledonia’s Kanak Liberation Front as in the same category as the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO). The Kanak people were never terrorists, and it is attitudes like that of Mr Muldoon that could one day turn them to terrorism if human rights are not respected.

The Forum’s resolution acknowledging the French Government’s so-called “reforms” is totally contrary to the wishes of the Kanak people. If anyone cares to study the recent history of the Republic of Vanuatu they will find facts and figures reflecting a policy on the same lines implemented in the former New Hebrides by the French Government. This is particularly so with regard to land. In the late 1960 s and early 1970 s the French administration in the then New Hebrides bought back a lot of land from its nationals to return it to the New Hebrideans (Ni- Vanuatu). The whole policy of land reform as it was then in the New Hebrides, and will be this year in New Caledonia, is designed to defuse the call for independence. In actual fact the reforms aim to enable the French to strengthen their grip on New Caledonia.

It is a pity that Forum leaders are more than willing to accommodate the French Government’s point of view, but are less willing to listen to the small voice of the Kanak people, the true owners of New Caledonia. The Kanaks are the only people who can speak truthfully about the injustices of the French Government committed on their lands and their country.

The Forum leaders should have followed the line advocated by Vanuatu Prime Minister Father Walter Lini and agreed to take the issue before the United Nations Special Committee of 24 on decolonisation, and should also have proposed that France set a deadline for New Caledonia’s independence to be declared no later than December, 1984.

Some of our leaders in the Pacific appear more concerned about sending their soldiers to the Middle East to take part in so-called peace-keeping forces, which are in actual fact suppressing the rights of the Palestinians, than assisting their suppressed brothers in nearby Pacific countries who may one day be of more use to them than all the Arabs and Israelis.

Let’s hope that next time we deal with the French more cautiously. Vanuatu should be a lesson to learn from. French are French and the fact that the present government is Socialist doesn’t make the slightest difference. The French colonial policy is always the same, and will remain so in the future.

Clarence Marae

University of Papua New Guinea Port Moresby PNG The underside of yachting Congratulations to Jane deßidder for her succinct story on the “keel” side of yachting (PIM May p 59).

Does PIM have any stories it might print about on-board conditions of earlier sailing in the Pacific?

Bruce S. Hopping

Laguna Beach, California, USA We’re fossicking. Editor.

PM Muldoon at the Forum 11 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982 LETTERS

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A matter of some interest to me during the Oceania trip was the issue of open, vs. controlled, vs. closely restricted, tourism.

We are aware, due to our worldwide travels and residences and a permanent home in Florida, of the positive and negative results of tourism. I think Solomon Islands, and Gizo Island is a good example, should not be targeted for accelerated tourism.

There are better possibilities for economic stability and progress.

Take the case of the fine beach, mentioned in the PIM article as a tourist attraction planned by the enterprising couple. It is a beautiful spot, over 16 kilometres from Gizo town. It is next to a local village which has a small primary school on the beach a short walk from the structure earmarked for tourist beach visitors. It is a traditional village. The school which we visited, conversing with teachers and pupils, appeared to us primitive but with dedicated teachers and students producing admirable results. The impact of an everyday presence of tourists on the village and school cannot be advantageous. Local casual visitors to the islands and residents of Gizo town will always, as in the past, visit the beach.

But this will be mainly on weekends or holidays, taking advantage of the occasional local transport.

Finally, I somewhat disagree with your reporter characterizing Gizo town as “not very attractive”. We have seen many unattractive towns all over the world, but Gizo is not one of them. I find Gizo’s waterfront and main street somewhat untidy, but with a certain charm and a welcome change from the plasticity and unimaginative global conformity of most of today’s urban locations. Gizo’s modest residential section on the ridge above the centre is most pleasant and has splendid views over the ocean and adjacent islands, including impressive Kolombangara (and not forgetting the small atoll where President Kennedy was shipwrecked with his PT boat during World War II).

Charles W. Arnade

Professor of International Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.

“Imperialist”

USA?

The review by one Dan Boylan of the book Empire Can Wait, the story of the annexation of Hawaii (PIM, June, p. 40) is, indeed, an interesting exercise in wishful thinking, to say the least.

Admittedly, the take-over of Hawaii by our Government had some ethically questionable aspects. However, when Mr Boylan gets into the general aspect of ‘lmperialism’ his nose appears to be out of joint. Particularly is this true when he discusses Vietnam.

Our government’s intervention in South Vietnam was at the request of that nation’s functioning government, following the invasion by the forces of North Vietnam. This was an action which, incidentally, should have been undertaken by the United Nations, if that pseudoorganisation had acted in accord with its own charter.

Had our government intended to take over South Vietnam (and, presumably, the North as well) the war would certainly have been waged in accord with such intentions. Instead, our forces were handicapped by continuous intervention on the part of our political leaders, which resulted in the troops becoming bogged down in half-measures, and frustrating make-believe war actions, which not only doomed their efforts to win victory, but resulted in betraying a friendly people who had trusted our promises.

The thousands of boat-people who are still fruitlessly looking for a secure sanctuary from the aggression of the “victorious” forces from the North present ample evidence that our initial aims had humanist merit, had they been permitted to succeed.

The 5,000,000 people of Southeast Asia murdered since the “liberation” of South Vietnam would doubtless wish, if they had the opportunity, that the United States had been a bit more imperialistic.

I have no idea of the who, what, or where of Dan Boylan, but his general tone of criticism evidences a woeful lack of knowledge of history over the past 40 years. If we (the United States) had had imperialist designs most of the South Pacific might well be living under our government’s supervision today. During the early ’4os we had troops in (to name a few of the more prominent areas) Fiji, Guadalcanal (I was among them), New Georgia (I was among them), New Caledonia (I was among them).

New Guinea, Manus (I was among them), Luzon (I was among them) and others too numerous to detail. Following hostilities we not only left the islands, but left behind enough material and supplies to enable many a local entrepreneur to light out on his own, as a small businessman. I had the opportunity, during the ’6os, to re-visit many of these localities, and saw this for myself.

Had we harbored ulterior designs at the time, who would have said us nay? There were no opposing forces to argue with us.

This may be imperialist in Mr Boylan’s vision, but I doubt that he would be able to recruit many followers. As to the Philippines, your reviewer apparently forgot (or never learned) that they were given their independence back in 1946. Since that time they have been regulating (for better or worse) their own affairs.

Urban D. Kapler

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New Caledonia: Nucci promises new, freer regime by June ’83 HELEN FRASER reports from Noumea on the French Government’s latest plans for the future development of New Caledonia, and on the September 5 by-election made necessary by the resignation and immediate re-nomination for election of Right-wing Deputy to the National Assembly in Paris, Jacques Lafleur.

The French Government has promised that there will be a new statute constitution for New Caledonia, probably by June, 1983, and that it will give increased internal autonomy (selfgovernment) to the Territory.

The undertakings were given at a September 9 press conference in Noumea, by French High Commissioner Christian Nucci, who had just returned from Paris and talks with President Mitterrand.

Outlining the government’s formula for advance in New Caledonia, Mr Nucci said that the first step had been to establish economic, social and judicial reforms designed to “remove inequalities and injustices”. The first four concerning land, Melanesian culture, economic development and the judicial system will shortly become realities in New Caledonia, following their approval by the French Cabinet.

A further two reforms concerning mining and energy would be presented to New Caledonia’s Territorial Assembly before the end of September for advice, Mr Nucci said.

With these reforms in place, the Mitterrand government plans to change the statute for the Territory.

Mr Nucci told the press conference that President Mitterrand had confirmed during their talks in August “that there would be no solution imposed by France, and that the solution would be the result of a democratic debate and a vote”.

“It will be up to the people of New Caledonia to say what they want,” Mr Nucci said. He would not enlarge on whether the “democratic process” would mean a referendum on independence.

But, with Melanesians forming a minority (43 per cent) in their own land, the question of electoral reform becomes important.

Mr Roch Pidjot of Union Caledonienne, the largest party in the Independence Front, who is a Deputy to the National Assembly in Paris, has put forward a private member’s bill in the assembly which would limit voting rights in New Caledonia to those with 20 or more years residence.

For Jean-Marie Tjibaou, Vice- President of the Government Council, the results of his August talks with President Mitterrand in Paris were unsatisfactory.

He said: “It would be in the interests of all if the government would say clearly what its calendar is. Whether their objective is autonomy or independence, it must be in the framework of the economic development of the country.”

When the leader of the antiindependence RCPR party, Jacques Lafleur, resigned his seat as Deputy in June, he said his motive was “to let Caledonians have a say about the future”.

The result of the September 5 by-election made necessary by Mr Lafleur’s resignation was 91 per cent of all votes cast for Lafleur, and eight per cent for Noumea lawyer, Michel Jaquet, who is also opposed to independence.

Mr Lafleur, who was assisted in his campaign by Gaullist leader Jacques Chirac, who came especially from France for the occasion, campaigned strongly against the Mitterrand government’s reforms, and against the rise to power of the Independence Front in the Government Council. Mr Lafleur claimed that the coalition between the Front and the FNSC party does not represent the will of the people.

The Independence Front cam- Slogans calling for “unconditional return of our land” have become part of the New Caledonia independence pressures.

Christian Nucci 15 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

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paigned strongly for abstention during the election, saying the only matter on which they would vote was a date for independence. As it turned out, the abstention rate was 46 per cent, with voter tum-out in some all- Melanesian areas being zero. Independence Front leaders calculate that only two per cent of Melanesians in Lafleur’s “Noumea and the West’’ constituency took part in the vote.

Seventy-five per cent of the population in the electorate is non-Melanesian.

Independentist leader Yeiwene Yeiwene described the election as “a racist vote, a vote against the Kanaks”. He added that he was “more than happy’’ with the level of abstention from the vote.

Jean-Marie Tjibaou said the vote demonstrated the refusal of Europeans to open dialogue with Melanesians.

Speaking in a television debate after the election, Mr Lafleur said that for him the “results were clearly an acknowledgment of the political manipulation being practised by the French Government’’. “It’s now confirmed,” he said, “that the existing legal majority Independence Front plus FNSC does not represent the realities in the Territory.”

In a satellite interview, a leading spokesman for the French Socialist Party said in Paris that the election result would “accentuate the cleavages between races, between Kanaks and non- Kanaks”.

Questions asked after Tahiti police crackdown on “rebels”

French security police, cracked down in August on the selfstyled Maohi Provisional Government in Tahiti only days after two key leaders flew back from New Zealand.

The pro-independence party which formed the four-monthold “rebel” government, Te Tiamaraa a te Nunaa Maohi, was due to begin its annual congress on the island of Huahine with many of its leaders under arrest.

Among about 40 people seized when security police raided the Tiamaraa Party’s bungalow headquarters in suburban Papeete were “President” Tetua Mai and “Prime Minister” Tamatea Taero.

Mr Mai, 43, and Mr Taero, 32, had just returned from New Zealand after a South Pacific tour lobbying for support. They claim to have the backing of the Vanuatu Government.

Police said they stormed the house in the Farupiti quarter of Papeete after independence supporters had taken two gendarmes hostage. But a party spokesman denied this.

“We have been expecting a crackdown against us for some time,” the spokesman said.

The party formed its provisional government a month before Tahiti’s May’territorial election and drew up its own constitution, passports and formed a militia.

In an interview with me just before they returned to Tahiti, Mr Mai and Mr Taero said they wanted Tahiti put on the United Nations de-colonisation list.

They claimed their party had rapidly growing support and said they planted to launch a pirate radio station soon to break the state-controlled media monopoly in Tahiti, blockade the tourist islands Moorea and Huahine and collect their own taxes.

“We need to shake up the people and make them more aware of what is happening,” said Mr Taero, a former trade consultant.

Tiamaraa is one of the smaller of the nine pro-independence parties in Tahiti, but Mr Taero claimed his party had 21,000 signatures on a petition supporting the party’s aims.

The party polled only about 400 votes in the May election.

However, Mr Taero said the ballot had been boycotted . . . “We don’t recognise French elections.”

French Polynesia’s new Gaullist Government Council and French authorities have been taking a tough line on law and order issues. An earlier port strike in Papeete was crushed by security police with tear gas. David Robie in The New Zealand Times.

A PIM special correspondent in Papeete comments: Tetua Mai and his wife are certainly eccentric, and of course they attract others of their kind. But they’re also Polynesians, and this fact lends a touch of “folklore” to their faults.

Much could be said about this episode. Why were they allowed to go so far? Were they not in fact quietly encouraged and helped? The desire on the part of the authorities to ridicule and scare all independentists through letting these people go to inordinate lengths, and then making the affair as lurid and sensational, as possible, is quite clear.

The fact that the mayor of Papeete was not informed of the events is proof that the so-called “municipal” police are no more under the control of elected local officials than are the gendarmerie or the secret police. Obviously, it’s the High Commissioner who’s in charge of law and order.

In a statement protesting about being kept in ignorance of the affair, Mr J. Juventin, Papeete’s mayor, while dissociating himself from the antics of Tetua Mai and his friends, said; “I greatly regret that the local government apparently saw no need to inform me of these events. If I had known of them I could have intervened at once to ensure that things were settled in a reasonable way, without the kind of useless confrontation that occurred in which people were injured, beaten and maltreated.

“I deplore the fact that the excesses of some have been met with the excesses of others, while it would have been quite possible to settle the matter in a worthy, honourable manner.”

Part of the big crowds in the July independence demonstrations in New Caledonia. 17 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

Quest for the origins of a “spirit road”

In our “Postmark” article of April we described the small island of Tikopia in the Santa Cruz Group, Solomon Islands, as “the very last paradise” in the Pacific. We hope we managed to communicate to readers a little of our enthusiasm for the place.

At the same time as the Tikopians are the most “conservative” of all Polynesian peoples, they are also the most thoroughly studied and practically all the fieldwork has been done by one man, Sir Raymond Firth!

Since we returned home we have gone through all Firth’s studies (which fill a whole shelf in our library) in order to see what he has to say about the paved road skirting the crater lake which we saluted as “a splendid example of the collective engineering achievement of a small Stone Age tribe”.

Quite surprisingly, the only reference we have been able to find is contained in Firth’s History and Traditions of Tikopia, where (pp 40-41) he mentions that the Tikopians ascribe all stone works in the islands to a group of mythical spirit beings called Fiti-kaikere whom the author identifies with earth-eating Melanesians (FitUVituFiji). “They did this work not by using their hands, but by supernatural powers. According to one account, that of Pa Porima, they said to the stones, ‘You move, and turn your smooth face upwards’. Thereupon the stones moved accordingly, they were not lifted, they crawled of themselves. The result was a series of stone walls, low, long heaps of undressed stone which may well stand as witness to the energies of a former population of Tikopia.

The most impressive of these stone accumulations, that of Te Karoa on the lake shore, resembles a quayside of primitive type. It presents a fairly smooth face of rock, in large slabs, looking as if they might have been put together by human hands, and forming a platform upwards of thirty yards long, a few feet above the water’s edge. If they are indeed of human construction, these stone mounds may have been erected for some ritual purpose analagous to the use of stone marae.”

Although Firth mentions Te Karoa as the site where these walls and mounds are located, he fails, for some strange reason, to point out the existence of the very impressive, definitely hand-made paved road which is more than a metre wide and about two kilometres long.

Tikopia, in the Santa Cruz Group of Solomon Islands, is “the very last paradise’’ say Marie Therese and Bengt Danielsson who visited there earlier this year. And they quote the report of anthropologist Judith Macdonald that the islanders have maintained a high degree of internal cohesion in the face of external influences.

Top left: Two elderly men provide a living link with the island’s fascinating past. Top right: The women of the island are skilful weavers, continuing a long tradition. Right: The north-east coast of the island.

Left: The crater lake, with dense vegetation coming down to the water’s edge. 18 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

The reason why the recollection of its builders is so vague today could very well be that they represent the first occupants of the island, perhaps Lapita proto-Polynesians, who, as recent archaeological excavations have shown, lived there from about 900 BC to 500 AD.

The present population on the other hand, seems to descend from a new wave of immigrants who took possession of the then uninhabited island in around 1500 AD. (There are signs that the first population was wiped out by a cyclone.) We have also received an extremely interesting letter from the first woman anthropologist to do fieldwork on Tikopia, Judith Macdonald. With her permission we reproduce this letter in full, since it furnishes much information about the present scene.

I was delighted by your article in PIM, April 1982, on Tikopia, the very last paradise. I thought at the time I was there that it must have been the prototype for the garden of Eden.

I am a student in the anthropology department at Auckland University and did fieldwork towards a PhD with the Tikopia. In 19791 spent six months in the Tikopian settlement of Nukukaisi on San Cristobal, and in 1980 I was in Tikopia itself for 10 months.

Perhaps you would be interested in a couple of comments on your article. I think the population estimate of 2200 given to you is rather high. I did a house-to-house census in May 1980 which showed that there were just under 1300 people on the island. (The government census of 1976 gave a total of 1115.) I estimate that there are another 800-odd Tikopians in other parts of the Solomons 250 in the Russell Islands, 350 in San Cristobal (my census of 1979), around 50 each in Santa Cruz and Vanikoro, and about 100 in Honiara.

You mention migration as a solution to over-population and, with it, a gradual loss of cultural values and the increasing introduction of foreign articles and ideas to the home island. This is, I suppose, inevitable. But so far the Tikopians have proved remarkably skilled in making adaptations to external influences while maintaining internal cohesion. In some areas of the Solomons several different religions have gained adherents, dividing a single island on matters of diet, dogma and day of worship. On the whole, the Tikopians remained as united in their conversion to one type of Christianity as they had been under their old gods.

Tikopian migrants are aware that aspects of their traditional life could be lost and have taken steps to counter this. The trees from which barkcloth is made do not grow in Nukukaisi but seeds have been brought from Tikopia and planted, although this is a settlement where many people have money and can afford to buy calico. I also saw families on holiday in Tikopia from the Russells taking back bundles of leaves for making sleeping mats. The leaves do not grow there and they wanted their daughters to learn how to weave.

As well as the maintenance of material culture, traditional practices such as the coming of age ceremonies for children continue in the settlements.

New goods and ideas are, of course, being introduced in Tikopia. However, the Tikopians do not appear to be influenced by novelty alone. They need to be convinced that an introduced item can make a positive contribution to the life of the island. (One man told me he had broken three ukuleles brought to the island because the young people were sitting apart and singing to their accompaniment instead of joining in the traditional dances.) As you say, Tikopia is an island without peer in the Pacific today. However, change will inevitably come, perhaps in the next generation when children bom in the settlements, away from the home island and the chiefs, have grown up. That will be very sad because Tikopia is a paradise (if one overlooks the mosquitoes) and I think myself very lucky to have worked there. Marie- Therese and Bengt Daniels son.

PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY OCTOBER, 1982

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TROPICALITIES Noumea horserace for Guinness?

An event in New Caledonia’s horse racing calendar will figure in The Guinness Book of Records if the publishers accept an application now being prepared by an Australian woman.

Pat Baker, of Long Jetty, New South Wales, is making the application on behalf of her father, jockey Jack Hillier, who died in February at the age of 64.

Jack Hillier first went to New Caledonia in 1947, and he kept returning there, to ride under retainer, until 1977.

From 1962 to 1972 he rode for the Georges Guillermet stables in New Caledonia. From 1964 to 1970 inclusive he won the territory’s Clarke Cup seven years running — and each time on the same horse, Balto!

This is his daughter’s claim to Book of Records renown for her father.

Racing writer Bert Lillye, telling the story in the Sun-Herald, Sydney, comments; “I know of no other jockey who has won a feature race seven years in succession, and all on the one horse, do you?

“So, Pat Baker, I am right behind you in your claim ... So what about it, Mr Publisher?

“For the record. Jack Hillier won the Clarke Cup again in 1973, on a horse called O’Hara. (He had also won it twice before his string of seven successive wins. These wins were in 1953 and ’54, on a horse called Farouk.) So he had a total of 10 wins in the race.

“What is more, other jockeys who rode in Noumea at the same time as Jack Hillier assure me that Balto, although the island’s champion, was a savage brute of a horse, but putty in the hands of the jockey we Australians rated as a ‘battler’.

“I rest our case.’’

Vanuatu chiefs on custom, law Custom chiefs of Pentecost in Vanuatu have held their first conference, in the Bilmalvanua Council’s meeting house at Melsisi, to clarify their position and rights in an independent Vanuatu.

Custom law and the laws of Vanuatu clashed, they discovered. Two custom chiefs had appeared before a district court at Ranmawat village on charges which followed their assumption, under custom, of judicial powers.

The chief’s conference agreed that chiefs should not maintain their own prisons but should have the right to impose fines for breaches of custom law, and the right to confine an offender to his own village until the fine was paid.

The chiefs decided to ask the government, “with respect’’, to hold court proceedings in private when they involved custom judgments of a chief, as was the case in the district court at Ranmawat.

Other decisions of the chiefs were; • Chiefs should not force people to join any political party; • The government should send the Council of Chiefs copies of new laws; • The Pentecost Council of Chiefs should fix maximum fines; • The separate roles of chiefs and police should be properly defined.

Film Australia invades Islands Film Australia, an Australian Government project, plans to make six 30-minute films on life in the South Pacific Islands, two on Polynesia, two on Melanesia, and two on Micronesia. The films will portray contemporary life based on real-life situations which will concentrate on the social, economic and political aspects of the local scenes.

Tuvaluans get a new look There are many eye defects in Tuvalu, two opticians from New Zealand discovered when they spent two weeks there recently.

Their visit, sponsored by the Christchurch club of Lions International, brought queues to the clinics on Funafuti, Vaitupu, Nui, Nanumea, Nukufetau and Nukulaelae.

The opticians brought about 800 pairs of glasses, and the supply ran out in a few days. But all people found to be in need of glasses will be supplied from New Zealand. Some were found to be in need of surgery and they will receive treatment next year when an eye surgeon will come from New Zealand.

Most of the glasses, supplied free, were prescribed for reading.

PIM was wondering why so many Tuvaluans need glasses or whether many needed them at all! With a population of about 8000, glasses were supplied to around 10 percent of the people, which rather dims the image of the hawk-eyed islander.

But PIM remembers a visit by opticians to another island group, which shall be nameless. As a result, a large proportion of the people took to wearing glasses.

They didn’t need them, but, they decided, glasses had a prestige value!

Murder at the Steam Works Honolulu’s Police Department has a bizarre and far from pleasant problem on its plate.

Since July 1981 three men The late Jack Hillier returns to scale in Noumea (right) after one of his many wins; and (lower right) Balto, seven years winner of the Clarke Cup, with Hillier up. 21 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY OCTOBER, 1982

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have died in mysterious circumstances at a Waikiki establishment known as the Steam Works, a bath house frequented by male homosexuals. Although in two instances, police are satisfied the victims were murdered, none of the cases has been solved.

The first to die was 24-yearold Korean Sung Ki Yi. Hunched over a Space Invaders machine at the Steam Works on the night of July 8, 1981, Yi suddenly gasped and collapsed dead over the playing screen.

After a post-mortem examination and pathology tests, the cause of Yi’s death was pronounced “undetermined” by Dr Richard Wong, of the Honolulu Medical Examiner’s Office.

The next to end his days within the walls of the Steam Works was David McKenzie, 45, Australia’s representative on the International Olympic Committee.

On August 9, 1981, holidaymaker McKenzie was found lying on a bunk in a changing room.

Wong performed McKenzie’s post mortem also. He found that death had been due to asphyxia.’

McKenzie had multiple haemorrhages on the muscles on both sides of the neck, and moderate haemorrhages of the thyroid gland, injuries consistent with his having been strangled.

Reporting on the incidents from Honolulu, journalist Burl Burlingame notes in The Sydney Morning Herald of August 28: “Wong’s judgment in other cases had been under fire from police and prosecutors for being too vague. In one instance, a man whose death was labelled “undetermined” by Wong had been exhumed by Dr Charles Odom, Wong’s superior at the Medical Examiner’s Office.

Odom discovered the cause of death in that instance had been a shotgun blast to the head, which Wong had overlooked . . .”

The third man to die at the Steam Works was Frank “Haku” Tavares, 46, a selfemployed musician. At 9.30 in the morning of Friday, August 13, 1982, his body was found in a private booth by a cleaner.

This time Odom did the post mortem. Like McKenzie, Tavares had haemorrhages on the neck and thyroid gland, leading the medical examiner’s office to say he died of “manual strangulation”. The medical examiner said Tavare’s death was “suspiciously similar’’ to the Australian’s.

“Are you kidding?” says Odom. “These cases are exactly alike. Two men, both fairly young, both in good health, are found strangled in a club filled with homosexuals. The similarities are obvious.”

Odom’s conclusion: “Murder.” An investigation has been started.

But investigating cases like these is no easy matter. As the owner-operator of the Steam Works, Max Belleville (a married man with three children), told Burlingame; “The police officers come in here feeling very uptight. They can barely ask questions and then they can’t wait to leave. They’ll never solve anything that way. They don’t understand that this is just a different lifestyle from theirs, that it won’t mb off on them.”

Belleville has the idea that the one-year span between the deaths of Tavares and McKenzie may provide a clue. He says: “For all we know, it might be a tourist on vacation, who comes back every year.”

Tribute to Alice Allen Innes Mrs HEATHER BARNARD of Melbourne, Australia, has written the following tribute to her mother, the late ALICE ALLEN INNES, a well-known figure in several Pacific Island environments: Many readers of this issue of PIM will be saddened to read in “Deaths of Islands People” of the passing of Alice Allen Innes, long-time contributor to the magazine.

A prolific writer for 50 years, she published articles, short stories and verse in periodicals at home and abroad.

Her writing career began as a young married woman, when she was living on isolated Pacific Islands in the Louisiade Archipelago. Her husband, Allen, an Islands manager with Bums, Philp, was frequently away on business inspection trips. During these lonely periods she wrote articles on Island life for The Bulletin , and became a regular contributor.

In 1927 the Inneses moved to Salamaua on the Morobe coast of New Guinea. Allen had resigned from Bums, Philp to accept a post as managing director for the recently formed Salamaua Trading Company. Its function was to supply stores and accommodation for the New Guinea goldfields. Within a few years it had expanded into a large concern consisting of a tourist hotel, tradestores and meat freezers throughout the Territory.

These were the turbulent, exciting years of the New Guinea gold boom which were to provide Alice Innes with an endless source of material for her writings. Enormous quantities of gold were being extracted from the rich alluvial rivers and streams of Wau, Bulolo and Edie Creek. Salamaua was the gateway to this El Dorado. As word spread, interest focused on this hitherto little-known Pacific island. Soon an increasing number of ships were arriving at the port of Salamaua laden with men from all walks of life, of many nationalities, jobless men of the depression years, desperately eager to try their luck.

Following the prospectors, came explorers, planters, an- New Guinea elegance nearly half a century ago; Alice Innes sits in her decorated drawing room in Salamaua; staff members stand dutifully in the background. 23 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982 TROPICALITIES

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thropologists and writers, many of whom played a major role in the development of the Territory.

Usually they “stayed over” at the Salamaua Hotel, awaiting flights up into the ranges or on their return, awaiting passages out. Alice was their hostess often their nurse or confidante.

She managed the busy establishment with efficiency and good humour, often catering for 150 diners daily. Still she found time to nurse sick guests miners suffering from tropical disorders and malnutrition, travellers who had contracted malaria and dysentry. (Alice had qualified as a nursing sister at Suva Hospital, during World War I).

Her journals of the periods are filled with fascinating, often very amusing stories, concerning the many well-known personalities who passed through her life.

She mentions the Leahy brothers of whom Michael (Mick) Leahy in particular was outstanding as a miner, explorer and writer; the miners Frank Pryke and Leslie Joubert, discoverers of the Day Dawn mine; Wally Digby, Ernie French and Norman Neal; the courageous Mrs Mary Booth MBE, a splendid miner and pioneer; likeable Lyn Brook, nephew of Admiral Beatty. All of them were her good friends. Of the writers, Beatrice Grimshaw interested her most.

Miss Grimshaw settled in Papua, and became renowned as a writer of short stories and books on the South Seas. She bought a tobacco plantation on the Laloki River, about 25 kilometres from Port Moresby. The plantation had previously been owned by Errol Flynn.

Alice writes amusingly of her first encounter with the young Flynn, “There’s a most beautiful beast, with a fine broth of a lad!”, announced Alice’s Irish mother, heralding the arrival of Errol Flynn at the Salamaua Hotel in late 1932. Flynn, accompanied by a large Alsatian dog, had arrived on the isthmus to prepare for a recruiting trip to hire labor for the Wau-Edie Creek gold mines.

The high-spirited young adventurer had originally come to New Guinea in 1927 to seek his fortune. The years he spent in the Territory brought him little but notoriety. He sailed from the islands in 1933 leaving in his wake a string of unpaid bills and unfavorable memories!

Her journal recounts Flynn’s hasty and unannounced departure from the Salamaua Hotel: “Flynn the rogue has fled!” writes Alice “Leaving behind an unpaid accommodation bill and a deserted beast!”

Later, it was found, not only was the dog forgotten in his fast exit but also a camphor-wood box labelled ERROL FLYNN in large letters. The box remained in a store room, unopened, for several years awaiting forwarding instructions.

Letters notifying the owner were never acknowledged. Finally, a decision was made to open it and distribute the contents to local missions. The box revealed a large supply of monogrammed hotel linen! Beneath the stolen linen a diary was found a fascinating account of Flynn’s experiences while recruiting in the highlands. Apart from reporting his daily activities, he also recorded his thoughts and feelings, his aspirations, often indulging in fantasy, occasionally gloating over his numerous amorous encounters.

His diary concludes with the following passage: “I am going to China, as I wish to live deliberately ... to hell with money; the pursuit of it is not going to let it rule my life. I am going to drive life into a comer to reduce it to its lowest terms and find its meaning.”

So philosophised the young Errol Flynn ... a brief glimpse only into the character of an extraordinary young man, who was to become the world’s swashbuckling hero of the movie screen.

Another entry of interest in Alice’s journal is entitled: “The Pilot Pathfinders”.

“With gold came aviation to New Guinea,” she writes, “Our New Guinea pilots were world renowned for their efficiency and resourcefulness. Since 1927, when the first flight from Lae to Wau was made, until World War 2, there was only a very small percentage of accidents. That first trip”, she continues, “was an epic. Maybe, someday the Territory will raise a monument to the memory of The Three Musketeers’ who flew over the ranges to find the first landing ground Pard Muster, A.W.D.

Mullins and prospector Jack Lewers, who accompanied them as guide. This was the forerunner of what was to become the greatest aerial transport service in the world prior to the war.”

She mentions Ray Parer, “who worked so quietly, that it was only the local people who knew of the great work he did in opening up the country by air ... It was Parer who dared the original trip across New Guinea.

His last flights over New Guinea The picturesque settlement of Salamaua as Alice Innes knew it in the 19305. 25 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982 TROPICALITIES

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Mention is made of other intrepid Morobe pilots she greatly admired; ”Les Holden, Bertie Heath, Dickie Mant, J. Sutcliffe and Johnny Jules, who once flew with a six-foot snake wrapped around the ‘joystick’ ”...

She explains: ‘‘Johnny’s plane had loaded rice at Lae to take to Ramu. Soon after his arrival at Ramu the weather ‘closed in’, and he was forced to stay overnight . . . After unloading, traces of rice remained, scattered over the floor of the plane attracting the rats who attracted the snakes!

“Next morning, Johnny, unaware of his passengers, flew out from Ramu ... As he was approaching the steep Missim peaks, he was suddenly startled to see a large snake crawl out on to the wing of the plane and drop off the edge. No sooner had he recovered than, glancing down, he saw to his horror its mate gliding towards his feet!

Wrapping itself around his leg, it slowly worked its way up gliding over his hands and on to the ‘joystick’. He daren’t move.

The snake, curling itself around the ‘stick’, began waving its vicious fangs to and fro, in front of the pilot’s face . . . What a horrific experience, poor Johnny.”

The entry concludes: “With grit and control Johnny managed to bring the plane down safely on to the Lae ’drome and promptly fainted!”

Nineteen thirty-seven brought another aviator briefly into the writer’s life Amelia Earhart.

Earhart was the first woman to cross the Atlantic by air and the first woman to fly it alone. She was then attempting her epic round-the-world flight.

Tragically, the courageous Amelia Earhart crashed into the Pacific after leaving Lae.

This year marked the final chapter of Island life for Alice.

She was retiring to Sydney to establish a home for her children.

A decade had passed since her arrival, with her husband Allen, on the picturesque isthmus of Salamaua, and 23 years since she sailed from Australia to Fiji, to start a nursing career at what is now the Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva an eager young woman of boundless energy and inexhaustible curiosity.

These qualities, together with a bubbling sense of fun and a deep interest in people, were to remain with her all her long life, rewarding her with many rich experiences and personal encounters.

Tuvalu’s seamen “tops” Swire Five Tuvaluan seamen serving in the Pacific Cutlass, a freighter which sank off Singapore earlier this year without loss of life, have been praised by the ship’s master for “their courage, skill and, generally, excellent behaviour.” Swire Pacific Offshore Ship Management Ltd. has told the Tuvalu Government that the company has three new vessels coming into service and wants to crew them with Tuvaluans. Both Tuvalu and Kiribati, former partners in the British colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, have maritime schools whose graduates are sought after by many shipping companies.

Big men, chiefs, and mariners The large, three-storey lava-rock building has crowned this small hill for almost a century. Making our way around construction that will soon add a new pavilion, we enter the handsome lobby, pass up a broad flight of polished wooden stairs, and into a quiet, air-conditioned, two-tiered gallery featuring artefacts from the Pacific Islands.

Here lurk Fijian war clubs which were given names and greatly feared after killing a man, mysterious Easter Island carvings often representing human faces and bodies, and strange 26 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982 TROPICALITIES

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masks and doll-like figures from Melanesia.

For over 90 years, Honolulu’s Bishop Museum has been a treasure trove of objects from the Pacific. Now, in addition to its fine display of Hawaiian and Pacific objects in the main hall, the museum has added a permanent show, Big Men, Chiefs and Mariners, which represents traditional cultures of Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. It is well worth seeing.

Masks and costumes from Melanesia, decorated with feathers and shells, and painted in vivid colors, seem to be waiting expectantly for someone to put them on. A film of their ceremonial use would make these objects come alive. The imagination goes back to old Tarzan movies where costumed voodoo figures jumped out of deep jungle growth to chant strange spells and encourage warriors shooting poison darts (usually at Westerners in pith helmets and tropical garb). But this is the Pacific, not darkest Africa.

One full-length garment from New Caledonia has a body covering of dark feathers and a wooden mask covered with human hair and beard. Handed down through successive generations, the costume was believed to embody the female forces of the universe, and was used in ceremonies to bring rain and abundance on land and sea.

Many of the Melanesian objects were thought to incorporate life forces, such as the masks that represented spirits or reincarnated dead ancestors. Made of rattan and covered with painted bark, they were used in dances, or in boys’ initiation ceremonies.

Are the spirits still there, lurking behind the museum’s glass cases? The answer depends on belief systems. Some Melanesian societies did think that spirits should be transferred from older deteriorating masks to new ones where they were believed to be happier. The older masks would be left out to rot, or perhaps given to museum expeditions.

One imagines it is 200 years ago in Polynesia.

It is a dark night and the surf pounds in the distance. Religious leaders in fluttering garments appear on a temple laboriously made of stones from distant mountains. In the midst of strict ceremonies a wooden image is raised to the heavens. Chants ask one of a pantheon of gods to enter the carving.

Today, only the stone temples remain; widespread belief in ancient religions did not long survive Western contact and missionary efforts in Polynesia. But museums hold much that was collected by earlier visitors. Here are three Society Island god figures, each about 40 centimetres high. Two of the figures are club-shaped and made of braided coconut fibre; they represented important state gods and were once covered with the red feathers which in Tahiti, the Marquesas, and Hawaii were considered symbols of power.

The Tahitian mourner’s costume collected on Cook’s second voyage must have been used in religious ceremonies. It is amazingly intricate: a mask made of large pieces of mother-of-pearl shell is surrounded by long bird feathers, a rare feather cloak covers the back, and the chest is hidden behind hundreds of pieces of pearl shell below which hang coconut shell discs over a bark cloth apron. Surely an appropriate costume for anyone who wanted to look like a spirit.

From the Marquesas there are carved, two-metre, wooden god figures that would have been used on a temple. There is a surprisingly large number of pieces from these islands, an area little heard of since the Marquesan population was decimated by Western diseases and blackbirding in the 19th century.

Many of the objects are for personal adornment indicating that the Marquesan chiefly classes moved about well ornamented.

Widely dispersed over the northern latitudes of the Pacific are the small islands of Micronesia. Not as romantic as fabled Polynesia, they are often poorly represented in museum exhibits. Happily that isn’t the case here.

A doll-like figure, made partly of stingray spines and clothed in coconut leaf, represents a type of Micronesian religious life. It is said to have been used as a magical means of dispelling storms at Lamotrek in the Yap Islands.

Stone money from Yap has become famous throughout the world. There pieces of stone were quarried on a distant island and came to be used as money; even today large pieces can be seen leaning against a coconut tree or house, their ownership known to everyone. The exhibit also includes small pieces of this money, as well as a turtle shell dish used as money in Belau.

From the Carolines there is a man’s belt decorated with shell money.

Throughout the Pacific, shells were also used for personal adornment, and the museum has an arresting example of an earring from the Carolines made of nearly 100 interconnected circles of coconut shell, conus shell, turtle shell, and a few trade beads. Hung from a pierced ear, it would have reached the shoulder of the highly decorated wearer.

The famous grass skirt as seen in old movies is still worn in parts of Micronesia, although it is not exhibited here. But skirts made from the dried fibre of the banana stalk and the inner bark of the hibiscus have continued to be woven on looms and used in Truk and the Carolines, several examples testify to the beauty of the weaving which allows for varied patterns and different colors.

Leaving the exhibit and its world of traditional Pacific life and beliefs, one pauses in the bright sunshine as cars whiz by on a nearby highway, jet aircraft cross the sky, and high-rise buildings crowd in the distance.

Western contact has certainly changed Hawaii. One has to wonder about the future of other Pacific Island states, and give thanks that here in the Bishop Museum some of the past at least is being preserved.

Robert Graham in Honolulu.

Marianas name their bird The Legislature of the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas has passed a bill naming the Paluman Tottut, the Marianas Fruit Dove, as the commonwealth’s national bird. A move to declare the bird an “endangered species’’ was defeated.

The Paluman Tottut is described as the only bird in Micronesia with the colors of the Bird of Paradise.

The 93-year-old lava-rock building of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. It’s getting a new pavilion and has already opened a new Pacific display, writes Robert Graham. 29 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY OCTOBER, 1982 TROPICALITIES

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PEOPLE New Caledonia’s Alain Lazare won the International Gold Coast Marathon Race, run near Brisbane, Queensland, in August.

Lazare covered the 42.2 kilometres course in two hours, 19 minutes, 21 seconds. He took the lead early and finished almost 11 minutes ahead of his nearest rival.

W. R. M. Irvine, chairman of Philip Morris (Australia) Ltd, has been appointed to the Board of Bums, Philp & Co Ltd. His appointment takes the total number of directors to seven. Chairman is J. D. O. Burns, who was appointed in 1959 and is the longest serving director. Mr Irvine is a director of Custom Credit, National Bank, Commercial Banking Company, Caltex, McPhersons Ltd, and other companies.

A first-year Arts student, Margaret Soon, 19, has been crowned Miss University of the South Pacific by the university’s registrar, Dr Tupeni Baba, in a ceremony held at Suva’s Civic Centre.

Miss Soon represented the Arts Association. She took part in the contest with nine other girls sponsored by various university student bodies. Her crowning was one of the highlights of Pacific Week 1982 on the university’s Laucala campus.

Bom in Kauai, Hawaii, Margaret Soon was brought up by her grandmother, Mary Soon, in Vaoala, Western Samoa. She attended St Mary’s College in Vaimoso, where she passed the New Zealand University Examination in 1980. She spent last year in New Zealand before going to USP under a Samoan Government scholarship.

First runner-up in the Miss USP Contest was Miss Akisi Ravai, who was sponsored by the Fijian Students Association, and third runner-up was Miss Lucy Chow, sponsored by the Solomon Islands Students Association.

Francis Bugotu, new secretary-general of the South Pacific Commission, set the Pacific Week ball rolling with the annual Pacific Way Lecture. The Pacific Science Lecture was delivered by Dr Epeli Hau’ofa of Tonga.

There were also lectures given on the subjects of China and the Pacific, and a nuclear-free Pacific.

When fisherman Karala Terereia, trawling in his oneman dugout canoe off Onotoa, Kiribati, caught a black marlin he wasn’t at first aware that he was making a significant contribution to science.

The marlin was in fact one of two tagged as part of an Australian gamefish recovery program.

The tagging was done off Dunk Island, Queensland, on September 3, 1980. It was caught by Mr Terereia on April 3, 1982, or almost 600 days later. Its migration of almost 4000 kilometres is the longest yet recorded for this type of fish.

Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, was at a reception in Sydney in September before he boarded the liner Oriana with is wife and five children for a 14-day islands cruise. He was introduced to the administration manager of P & O Cruises, John Steel. ‘‘So you finally made it. Sir!” said Steel. ‘‘We have a great file on your various efforts to take a cruise it goes back five years.

I first saw it when I was reservations manager!”

The Prime Minister beamed .

“I wish they could hear you say that back home,” he said. ‘They think I’ve planned this since the election, and I’m under fire for not being there to look after the country’s affairs. ‘‘But I’ve promised and promised the kids, and if I drop dead tomorrow my kids will remember what sort of father I was for the rest of their lives, but the country will forget me in 24 hours.”

Somare was speaking from his heart. His children are aged from seven to 16, and he’s postponed their promised trip three times in five years.

He is tired and looking tired after a barnstorming national election which won for his Pangu Party a record number of seats.

But protracted political horsetrading followed before he was elected to office.

“I don’t want to go like Sevesc Morea,” said Somare, referring to the former Speaker of the PNG Parliament who, aged 38, had died of a heart attack in Port Moresby only a few days earlier.

“I’m no use to the country when I’m dead, and I do have a wife and family.”

Somare’s wife, Veronica, has been especially upset at the public criticism of the cruise, which will take the family to New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga, and for which Somare is paying. She feared he might yet again cancel it, but Somare was firm that this time the family would come first.

Stuart Inder in The Bulletin.

Louis Dapal, senior lecturer in education at the Community Teachers College in Lae, Papua New Guinea, is currently on a study tour of the University of the South Pacific for three months.

Mr Dapal is attached to the Institute of Education. While in Fiji he will attend lectures in education and visit the Nasinu, Corpus Christi and Fulton teachers colleges.

Eighty-five-year-old Sukhu has retired from his work at Dudley High School, in the Suva suburb of Toorak.

Mr Sukhu’s links with the school went back 55 years known to generations of students as “Babuji”, he was helper and friend to staff and boarders in the boarding school.

In recent years, although long past retiring age, he chose to continue his contact with the school in part-time work in the high school staffroom and the hostel.

The Fiji Times wrote in a tribute; ”His has been a quiet, unspectacular contribution which has built untold good into the lives of those he came into contact with over the years. When he was farewelled by present hostel students and staff on Saturday, August 7, they represented a far larger number of girls and boys whose lives are the richer for his dedicated work.”

Joseph L. Dass, public relations officer with the Civil Aviation Authority of Fiji, has written to us in muted complaint that our report of the retirment of the R. W. M. Irvine a new board member for Burns Philp.

PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

former chief executive of the authority R. M. G. Varley (PIM Jun. p 36) did not do justice to the subject.

To help us make amends he enclosed a copy of the authority’s News Letter containing a long personal profile of “Mike”

Varley. While we cannot reproduce it in full, we hereby attempt to redress any wrong of which we may have been guilty.

After 33 years in aviation as World War II Royal Air Force navigator and later private pilot and civil aviation administrator in a number of countries, Mr Varley came to Fiji in 1974 to take up the post of Director of Civil Aviation.

His first task was to form a department capable of taking over the administration of Nadi airport from the New Zealand Civil Aviation Department on July 1, 1975, albeit still on behalf of the South Pacific Air Transport Council (SPATC).

The target was met and he moved from Suva to Nadi.

Unfortunately the change over coincided with a decline in tourism, withdrawal of airlines, overflights and a consequential severe drop in income. The SPATC bank account at Nadi was heavily overdrawn at the outset. However, by the introduction of economies, a revised policy on charges to aircraft, and the introduction of new sources of revenue, the department was able to produce an operating surplus for Nadi Airport by 1978. It was then decided by its members to disband SPATC and hand Nadi Airport over entirely to Fiji.

To take the airport over and run the civil aviation infrastructure as a whole it was decided by the government to form the Civil Aviation Authority of Fiji. The authority came into being on October 1, 1979, and Mike ceased to be director of civil aviation. His task completed, he began preparing to return to England.

However, the then Minister for Civil Aviation, Tomasi Vakatora, indicated that he would be happy for Mike to head the authority for at least its first two years of operation. He applied for the post and the UK Government agreed to his continued secondment up to his retirement in 1982. That time has arrived. Jone Koroitamana took over as chief executive on January 1, 1982, and it was agreed that Mr Varley should stay on for a further seven months until the completion of his contract in an advisory capacity.

During his stay in Fiji Mike was accompanied by his wife Joan, and between 1975 and 1977 his younger son Roderick attended Natabua High School.

His swan song was chairing the 17th meeting of the Directors-General of Civil Aviation in Asia and the Pacific which was held at Nadi in November 1981.

The delegates to this meeting were unanimous in their praise of the CAAF and its staff, as an example of what can be achieved in a small state.

Mike said recently: “Since going to Indonesia in 1955 I have been helping developing countries to localise their civil aviation infrastructure, and I am proud to have played a part in doing so in Fiji.”

Champagne flowed at 70 Elizabeth Street, Sydney, on Friday, August 13, when the Pacific’s newest airline, Air Vanuatu, opened its first ticket office in Australia.

Vanuatu Transport Minister John Naupa cut a ribbon then surprised all and sundry by calling on Presbyterian pastor Bill Camden to dedicate the enterprise.

A Sydney newspaper columnist commented: “Unusual gesture in the airline business but not in Vanuatu, where Christianity is taken seriously.”

Fiji has a valuable new asset in its tourist diving industry. He is Burnie Grayson, an Australiantrained Professional Association of Diving Instructor (PADI) Gold Scuba Diving Instructor, who has recently joined the staff of Scubahire Ltd, a leading sport diving organisation.

The firm will now be conducting certification courses for visiting divers.

Lorraine Evans on behalf on the company will be offering overseas agents group itineraries for novices who wish to take advantage of this novel service.

Scuba-diving is one of the world’s fastest-growing sports and there are now speciality diving travel agents in many countries. The “classroom” work for Scubahire’s (PADI) courses will be conducted in the Convention Centre of Suva’s Trade winds Hotel, and the diving will be carried out from the company’s 13-metre dive boat Fiji Diver.

Grayson was one of Australia’s best known instructors before he decided on the shift to Fiji, and was one of only five “Gold” qualified instructors in the country at that time. The “Gold” qualifications means that he is cleared by PADI the world’s largest such body, to teach and certify in seven speciality areas, as well as to certify divers up to assistant instructor level. Specialities available will include Rescue, Underwater Photography, Research Diving (including basic Oceanography and Marine Biology), Search and Recovery and Deep Diving.

A plan to reduce or eliminate wheat imports into Papua New Guinea by using local flour made from a soya-cassava blend has been outlined by a University of Papua New Guinea food chemistry student.

Miss Carmel Pilotti, a final year student from Port Moresby, says commercial production of bread made from such composite flour will depend greatly on public acceptance. Further tests will certainly be required.

The proposal was presented at a seminar by food chemistry students. The seminar dealt with replacing food imports with local food.

George Taunakekei.

The King and Queen of Tonga were visitors to the Australian state of Queensland late in August. They are shown here on the banks of the Brisbane River during a visit to the new Queensland Art Gallery in Brisbane. With them is John Stratigos, vice-president of the gallery trustees. - Bob Peisley picture for AIS. 32 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982 PEOPLE

Former Deputy Attorney- General in the Marshall Islands, and later counsel for the Cabinet, Carl Ingram, 32, has been appointed Attorney-General. Bom in Monterey, California, Mr Ingram graduated from Stanford University with a BA in political science in 1972 and obtained a law degree three years later. His first contact with the Marshallese was as a Peace Corps volunteer teacher on Kili where the people of Bikini were settled when their atoll became a nuclear test base.

He is married to a Marshall islander, Camilla deßrum.

The Head of the Accountancy and Business Studies Department, Professor John Beall and his wife Lucia, left the Lae, Papua New Guinea, campus of the University of Technology, in August. They were headed for Medellin, Colombia, South America. He will be lecturing part-time at the university at Medellin, doing a lot of bikeriding and hiking around the Andes, and studying to deepen his knowledge of mathematics.

The Bealls were in PNG for more than three years.

Viliame Bale, a former Director of Music with the Royal Fiji Police Band, has accepted a twoyear job as Bandmaster of the Vanuatu Mobile Force Band. Mr Bale, who served with the Fiji Military Forces in the Malayan Campaign, completed a threeyear course in music directorship in the United Kingdom before becoming Director of Music with the Royal Fiji Police.

An English scientist, who has made many forays into lesserknown areas of scientific research such as, for instance, examining pollen which has blown into swamps and lakes has been appointed lecturer in biology in the University of the South Pacific’s School of Natural Resources. He is Dr Julian Ash, who obtained a Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Sussex and a PhD from the University of East Anglia.

He probably knows more about Australian vegetation than most Aussies. He was at the Australian National University (Canberra) from 1974 to 1981, for the first two years on a postdoctoral fellowship, and, from 1976 to 1980, was a research officer looking at vegetation history in Papua New Guinea and North Queensland, an exercise known to one or two people as the science of palynology examing the pollen blown into swamps and lakes where it accumulates in the sediment. The palynologist can learn from such studies what type of vegetation grew in the area as far back as 12,000 years, and the changes that have taken place over the centuries which is jolly nice to know.

For the past 12 months he has been working on projects involving vegetation types growing on dunes in Central Australia, inbetween-times counting growth rings on trees, which isn’t as obscure a pastime as one might think, because one of the few things to be learned from the botany lesson in primary is that you can tell from the rings what the climatic patterns were like in the life of the tree and its age.

Which is why Dr Ash knows about a lot of trees in Central Australia. For several months he lectured in geography at University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales.

He is also curator of the herbarium, recently given to the USP by the Fiji Department of Agriculture as the nucleus of a regional herbarium. It contains about 50,000 specimens catalogued in families (flora ones) and kept in specially-prepared files in large cabinets.

A new Roman Catholic diocese of Kundiawa in Papua New Guinea has been carved out of the diocese of Goroka. The first Bishop of Kundiawa is Polishbom Fr Bill Kurtz, aged 48, a member of the Society of the Divine Word. He came to PNG 16 years ago and has worked in the Chimbu parishes of Mai and Koge and, since 1980, has been assistant to Bishop Ray Caesar of Goroka.

Three Californians have been appointed out of 130 applicants as full-time associate justices in the Belau Supreme Court. They are Dennis M. Sullivan, 46, law graduate of Harvard Law School and general counsel for the California Public Employees’

Relations Board; Ralph G. Marcarelli, 57, law graduate of Western State University and private legal practitioner, and Loren A. Sutton, 47, graduate of the Loyola University and assistant district attorney for Santa Barbara County.

Burnie Grayson (right) takes a class at the Tradewinds Hotel in Suva as part of the newlyestablished scuba-diving instruction project in Fiji.

Papua New Guinea was involved in a recent conference in Australia on computer applications in library services. Here Alan Butler (left), PNG University Librarian, and Sir John Yocklunn, Director-General of the PNG National Library, examine computer equipment at Macquarie University, Sydney. With them is Helen Jarvis, organiser of the conference and workshop. John Tanner picture for AIS. 33

Pacific Islands Monthly — October Iqr?

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A Special Survey Of Nz In The Pacific

NZ and the Islands: “United we stand, divided we fall..

New Zealand’s philosophy developed in recent years in connection with its relationship with the South Pacific Islands follows the theme: United we stand, divided we fall.

That’s not an original concept but, more and more, New Zealand realises it is in its interests to have a healthy community of states developing a partnership within the region.

The benefits of that development from political, economic and security angles must be obvious to the Island states as well.

If there is an over-riding theme in New Zealand’s involvement with the Island countries it is “to observe their wishes and to encourage regional co-operation if that is what the people want’’.

Always New Zealand’s approach to Island affairs is cautious. That’s partly because no other country in the South Pacific finds itself in such a difficult position as New Zealand. Its development pangs are as great as those experienced by its Island neighbors.

First, you have a people reorientating themselves to the South Pacific and Asia. For generations their gaze rested on Britain and Europe and their fate lay with these regions. This has changed.

Second, you have New Zealand looked on as the Mecca for Island people. Communities of Islanders are fast developing in the country. When the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Warren Cooper, can be seen dancing with Cook Island children at lunchtime in front of Parliament then you begin to realise the growing impact of Islanders in the New Zealand scene. Couple those developments with a restive Maori population, and it can easily be perceived that the social scene is undergoing considerable change. The dawn raids against Island overstayers some years back, and the current upheaval created over the Privy Council’s decision on New Zealand citizenship for so many Western Samoans, are chapters of that evolution.

Third, you find New Zealand conscious of its “Big Brother” image among the smaller Island states and sensitive to the fact that its assistance and guidance

William Gasson In

Wellington surveys New Zealand’s complex and developing relationships with the Island countries of the South Pacific. Saying that New Zealand, too, is a developing and changing country, he directs attention to changes within the country which arise specifically from its relationships with the world of the Islanders.

Kava ceremony with New Zealand Prime Minister Robert Muldoon: Acceptance of a Pacific identity. 35 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

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could be misinterpreted as an unwanted dominance of these people. But that’s neither a New Zealand characteristic nor government policy.

Fourth, you find New Zealand, more than most countries, sensitive to the enormous economic problems the Islands face. But while it gives aid and directs more and more help to the region, it wants the regional governments to make the hard decisions on how they wish to develop their economies. It wants the people to stand on their own feet and it’s prepared to prod them into action with verbal warnings if necessary. That, too, can create misunderstandings.

In the last few years, any trend in New Zealand’s relationship with the South Pacific has been to broaden its relationship right across the horizon. From the eastern regions it has swung its attention more and more to the western Pacific with the Melane- “If the Privy Council had a better understanding of the relationship in this part of the world, I do not believe it would have come to the same decision, but that is in the past . 99 Mr Muldoon on the Privy Council’s decision that gave some 100,000 Western Samoans New Zealand citizenship. sian Islands and Papua New Guinea.

Aid figures reflect the interest in Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. The major interest still lies in Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, and Niue, but New Zealand has now more consciously embraced the whole region.

If New Zealand’s security hinges on political stability and economic development in the region, then this practical example of regional co-operation can achieve those goals more quickly.

Bilateral aid to the South Pacific this financial year has increased seven per cent to $38,266 million out of the country’s total bilateral aid allowance of $53 million. Last year South Pacific countries received $34,606 million.

Inflation and currency fluctuations in the New Zealand dollar take away from the true value of the aid figure, and New Zealand’s own financial problems make it unlikely the aid figure will jump substantially for some years. But the emphasis continues towards the South Pacific.

The region also gets the biggest share of multi-lateral aid.

Increases bring the totals for the South Pacific Commission to $675,000, the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation to $372,000, and the Forum Fisheries Agency to $203,000.

Further, about $7.8 million has been set aside for the South Pacific shipping services.

With the aid comes the emphasis on trade, and an element of self-development through the Pacific Islands Industrial Development Scheme (PUDS), and the South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Co-operation Agreement (SPARTECA).

The broad objective of PUDS is to foster economic development and to provide employment, develop skills, introduce technology and broaden the productive base of Island economies. It’s intended to provide a framework for linking the development strategies of New Zealand and the Island nations.

Support under this scheme so far has totalled $876,000. Since its inception in 1976, financial assistance and incentives have been extended to 82 New Zealand firms to establish manufacturing operations in the Islands.

Feasibility study assistance has been approved to another 26 companies.

From the companies that received full PUDS approval, 46 are now operating, five went out of business and four failed to develop. The operating companies have provided jobs for about 600 people, including 158 in Fiji alone.

Tonga comes next with 142, then Western Samoa 134, the Cook Islands 74, Niue 54 and the Solomon Islands 34.

While New Zealand officials “Recently I attended the diamond jubilee of my old school to find that the head prefect was a Samoan boy, while some of his Pacific Island mates lent size and strength to the pack of the first rugby fifteen — Mr Muldoon giving an example of the extent of Island migration to New Zealand. are not happy that some of the schemes failed, the variety of the projects is considerable.

The Cook Islands are involved in roofing iron and joinery, ballet shoes, thonged footwear, processed timber, fibreglass reinforced plastic tanks, school drillwear and aluminium joinery.

Western Samoan industries have been based on industrial gases, carbonic ice, annato seed processing, metalware, household paper products, cigarettes, handbags, pharmaceuticals, paints and fillers, biscuits, light fittings and plasterboard.

The SPARTECA Agreement which came into effect last year opened up the New Zealand and Australian markets to the widest possible range of goods from South Pacific Forum Island countries.

New Zealand was able to give licence and duty-free entry to almost anything that could be produced in the Island countries.

The main exceptions were orange, pineapple and passion fruit where New Zealand had a commitment to take the total production of the Cook Islands and Niue.

Coconut oil has a similar restraint but, as pineapple canning in the Cook Islands has now ceased, restraint on pineapple is likely to be removed.

Transport is the key to the development of Island economies and the 13th South Pacific Forum in Rotorua in August addressed itself to this issue with two important results: • Forum member countries pledged SUSI 2.6 million which qualified the Pacific Forum Shipping Line for a European Investment Bank loan of $5 million plus a grant of $1 million to buy containers. • The Forum called for a study of the requirements of the region’s air transport system.

Years ago New Zealand encouraged the idea of a regional airline only to see independent states launch their own airlines and fly into prohibitive costs.

The mood now is for rationalisation, with a compatibility of equipment between airlines to In Tonga, New Zealand aid has been helping rehabilitation in the wake of hurricane damage. Here a special sawmill is used to produce timber from coconut palm trunks. 37 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY— OCTOBER, 1982

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Both the Forum Line and the study on air transport represent regional co-operation in its widest sense and measure the commitment of the Island partners in this principle.

The collapse of the Forum Line would sound the death knell of regional co-operation in the South Pacific. Its success and success in a regional air service strengthens the co-operative effect New Zealand strives to encourage.

It produces a flow-on effect to other Island communities outside the Forum group such as American Samoa, Guam and the Micronesian territories, and strengthens the development of relations with these communities. These links help stilldependent territories to develop a personality of their own.

As each year passes New Zealand is drawn more and more into the community of South Pacific nations. Each month heralds some new link. It might be the news that Cook Islanders in Auckland plan to build their own $3 million five-storey community and commercial centre that will include shops, a gymnasium, a ballroom, conference rooms, professional office suites and a student library-study.

It might be the hosting of the first South Pacific Congress in Medical Laboratory Technology in Christchurch where New Zealanders were told: “We have a responsibility to work and help in the whole South Pacific area, in less developed countries with less technological expertise than our own and it is a responsibility we neglect.”

At the same time not a single Pacific Island representative enrolled for the congress, despite efforts to encourage them to come.

Or it might be the news that Maoris would like to play a wider role in Pacific affairs.

It’s probably true to say that no South Pacific figure projects the region into the international arena more effectively than New Zealand’s Prime Minister Robert Muldoon.

Not everyone might like his personality, but few would doubt his grasp of the region’s problems, his decision-making ability, his intense interest in the region and his determination to side with his Island neighbors on regional issues that clash with some of the greater advanced nations whether it’s the United States over tuna fishing or France over nuclear tests.

When he travels abroad Muldoon speaks as much as the leader of a South Pacific nation with that region’s interests at heart as he does as leader of a country populated predominantly by people of European descent.

Recently the question of how to approach a Pacific economic community has concerned him.

He does not see such a concept coming to fruition inside at least the next two decades but already he is publicly trying to focus attention on the problem of fitting the fragile economies of Island states into a Pacific economic community.

His recent messages have attempted to spell this out to other Pacific nations: “They will all be dependent to a very considerable extent on external aid for as far ahead as one can see,” he said.

“Their export potential is limited and the problems of transport both internal and international are immense.

“Some, but not all, can or indeed have developed a tourist industry. Some have potential or existing markets in New Zealand and Australia for their produce.

“For others the future is bleak.”

Knowledge of New Zealand in the international scene is limited at best and often inaccurate.

Knowledge of the Pacific Islands around the world is even more limited in detail and, one suspects, generalised via Hollywood productions as wealth-laden tropical paradises.

Muldoon’s current batch of speeches on the Pacific has attempted to dispel the myths and acquaint neighboring countries of the problems the Islands face.

It’s the kind of role New Zealand feels it can play as a developed country on behalf of the developing territories in the South Pacific. What it can’t guarantee is that the greater powers will absorb the message. 39 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

New Zealand

Low Cost House Withstands205MPH Cyclone There has never been such a wind in the Pacific, but, should there be, this tough little timber house will still be standing.

Dubbed the “Hurricane House” the 16' x 16' prototype underwent destruction tests devised to simulate the worst possible extremes of wind and earthquake forces.

This test specifically on wall structures, which is the latest in a comprehensive evaluation programme designed by consulting engineer Brian Marino, was conducted and supervised by the New Zealand government’s Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in consultation with BRANZ (Building Research Association of New Zealand).

Cyclone “DSIR” simulates 205 mph (335 kph) Using a 23 ton bulldozer, a hydraulic jack and steel bars reaching right through the structure to a massive laminated beam, DSIR scientists and engineers subjected the house to repeated and prolonged loading increasing by the ton until the'pull exceeded nine tons.

At this stage, when the theoretical cyclone was blowing 205 miles an hour, the concrete floor and foundation (which is an integral part of the design) began to lift . . . and with it, the building itself, all intact.

Remarkably there was no damage or outward sign of stress.

It’s interesting to note that where 9 tons equals 205 mph of wind velocity . . . 2 tons equals the biggest recorded earthquake.

Simple design ... no special materials or fastenings The concept for the “Hurricane House” was developed during investigations into ways of building cheaper homes and there are many interesting side benefits. For a start the radiata pine plywood and timbers are all standard grades and the fastenings are ordinary galvanised nails. Nothing will also prove a major benefit for an unskilled labour force in remote areas to which the “Hurricane House” package can be easily transported.

The “Hurricane House”, designed simply to withstand high winds and earthquakes, is the breakthrough that brings permanent, cyclone-proof dwellings within the reach of many more communities. special and no excessive bracing. In fact it’s a house with a lot less timber than usual. Its ability to withstand high loads relies on even distribution through a lot of little fixings rather than a few big ones.

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40 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

Foreign affairs chief on NZ aid: the pros, and the cons MERWYN NORRISH, Secretary of New Zealand’s Department of Foreign Affairs, expounds his country’s philosophy on the often controversial subject of overseas aid in this case, aid to the countries of the South Pacific. His remarks are notable for the frankness with which he discusses the problems associated with aid activities —for both donors and recipients.

“Economic development in the best conditions is rarely a smooth or painless process. This is because economic change involves gains for some groups, but almost always losses for others.

New ways to do things may be discovered, but this may be at the expense of old ways which have been employed and treasured for centuries. Hard choices are required.”

That view comes from New Zealand’s Foreign Affairs Secretary, Merwyn Norrish, who defines economic development as changes in national economic activity which increase the ability of society to fulfill its aims.

He believes that the process of economic development can be particularly disruptive in the South Pacific because it involves the often sudden exposure of small and isolated societies to an unfamiliar outside world.

“In many instances this can lead to expectations among South Pacific peoples which simply cannot be fulfilled with the resources at their disposal.”

Mr Norrish outlined his philosophy on economic development in the South Pacific at a recent regional seminar of the International Council of Women in Auckland.

The exercise gave an insight into the thinking behind New Zealand’s approach to aid to the South Pacific. In doing this Mr Norrish blended sensitivity with practical advice. He pointed out the problems the Islands faced, quietly stressed urgency in facing them, and highlighted the new role of women in the South Pacific.

With New Zealand channelling more and more of its aid to the South Pacific, Mr Norrish’s views at this time are worth summarising. He pointed out: Fiji apart, no South Pacific government has, in recent years, been able to raise more than 50 per cent of its revenue from taxation, direct or indirect. For smaller countries, the proportion has been considerably lower.

Manufacturing is, in most cases, quite insignificant, ranging between two and eight per cent of output except in Fiji where it is somewhat higher thanks to sugar milling.

In the larger sphere of open world markets, and industries based on the use of labor, Pacific countries are unable to compete with the much larger, newly industrialising countries of East and Southeast Asia and Latin America.

Most are also net importers of food. Inflation has jumped, as in Tonga (from nine to 22 per cent between 1978 and 1980), and in Western Samoa (from three to 30 per cent).

Island countries have no more control over external price changes than they do over the hurricanes that can result in such sudden economic devastation for their countries.

International-level aid from outside the region has been steadily growing. For the Island countries, with exception of Fiji, the value of aid received ranges between a third of and twice the value of government expenditure.

But aid is not without its own problems and difficulties. As it grows, so does the vulnerability of those countries to forces outside their control. Their fortunes are tied to the fortunes and priorities of donor countries and institutions.

When the capacity of donors to give aid is reduced, as has been the case with New Zealand in recent years, this may have an impact not just on a national economy in the islands but on the lives of individual people.

Aid also heightens the tension between the desire for material success on the one hand and traditional ways and customs on the other. Many Island people lament the passing of old ways and old values. But at the same time they want the benefits of economic development and their governments actively seek outside aid to help them promote it.

Do the benefits outweigh the problems and the disadvantages?

That is for the governments concerned to judge, not for outsiders. But outsiders have a responsibility to recognise that problems exist and to be sensitive to them.

If the recipient governments choose to ask for the wrong sorts of aid, and their requests are met, this may inhibit rather than promote self-reliance and economic independence in the region. And it is entirely fair to say that aid may play a part in generating expectations which, in the nature of things, can often not be fulfilled.

Economic development has been promoted also at the regional level but there are limits to what can be achieved in this way.

Ultimately, economic development is a national responsibility. Regional and international efforts to encourage development have to be determined by national priorities.

Some people argue that efforts by many South Pacific peoples to promote economic development have not been impressive, and that the people consume all they can today and still expect a better life tomorrow.

I would venture to say that in most South Pacific countries, a number of groups exist that could be encouraged to make a greater contribution to development.

Russell Brown (second from right) is one of eight New Zealanders on long-term assignment to the Fiji Pine Commission under NZ bilateral aid. Here he trains Fijian loggers harvesting fast-maturing tropical pines. 41 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

New Zealand

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One group is the agricultural population. For most Pacific Island countries, agriculture remains the most important source of employment and export income. Yet the Asian Development Bank’s South Pacific Agricultural Survey of 1979 concluded that “with the exception of Solomon Islands and possibly Papua New Guinea most growth in the South Pacific has tended to come from outside agriculture.’’

In part the failure of agriculture has been due to the tendency of aid donor countries to put requests for agricultural assistance in the “too difficult’’ category and to concentrate instead on projects like building wharves and hospitals where a less intimate knowledge of local conditions is required.

But South Pacific governments have also been to blame.

Agricultural development has not proved as attractive a prospect as starting up airlines or drilling for oil. Most South Pacific governments also maintain greatly overvalued exchange rates, making imports cheap for those living in the town but exporting agricultural products more difficult for those in the countryside.

Women are a second group with contribution to make to development.

The contribution women have made to economic advancement and the extent to which women’s interests have been promoted have depended on such variable factors as the traditional economic and social roles filled by women and by men, on the types of economic and demographic change occuring, on the attitude of the men who, so far, make up much of the leadership, and on women themselves.

What aid-giving countries such as New Zealand can do is to try to ensure that the interests of women are taken into account when they give aid.

We have become more aware that development assistance activities, which are determined by too narrow criteria, may actually be detrimental to the position of women in society. So we are now taking the interests of women more fully into account when evaluating aid projects.

Last year Cabinet approved a new set of guiding principles for New Zealand’s bilateral assistance. They make specific mention of the need to safeguard women’s interests under activities financed by New Zealand aid, and to increase women’s capacity to contribute to development.

This is a worthwhile improvement. But what matters in the Islands is that women should be actively and deeply involved in influencing the course of economic development in their home countries. I have no doubt at all that they can do this, and do it most effectively.

It is up to the people of the Island countries to ensure that the decisions their governments take on economic development are the decisions that they want.

How much economic development is desirable? At how fast a pace? Should governments spend at rates that are beyond the resources of their countries to maintain? Are the people prepared to forego some benefits in order to put the priority and the emphasis on other things? How much attention should be paid to social values? And, finally, where is the money to come from, and how much sacrifice are the people prepared to make through the tax system and in other ways?

These are all questions that are just as vital to women as they are to men, Mr Norrish concluded William Gasson.

What’s happening to Rotorua’s geysers?

PETER O’LOUGHLIN, Sydney Bureau Chief of the Associated Press, was in Rotorua for the 13th meeting of the South Pacific Forum in August. He writes below on what could become a major problem for New Zealand’s tourist industry, and thus for its whole economy: the famed geysers of Rotorua show signs of disappearing.

New Zealand’s famous thermal springs and geysers are running out of steam, and the Government has launched an inquiry to find out the cause.

The disappearance of the geysers could cost the country millions of dollars in tourist revenue and threaten hundreds of jobs at Rotorua, the main tourist town in the thermal region.

Opinions differ as to why the geysers are drying up. Only five out of 15 remain active, spurting steam and boiling water in giant plumes high into the air.

Bruce Houghton, a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research scientist, said the hot springs associated with the last geysers were drying up daily.

“Two springs disappeared on Friday,” he said. “If the geysers and the mud pools disappear it could be disastrous for Rotorua and New Zealand.”

Peter Tapsell, a member of New Zealand’s Parliament, has blamed prolific use of geothermal power for domestic purposes for the disappearance of the geysers.

All houses and hotels have private thermal wells that draw underground steam and hot water.

Hotels have large thermal pools and spas. There is also a geothermal power station in the area.

“Bubbles” Mihinui, who is from the Maori tribe which lives next to the last functioning geyser field at Whakarewarewa has watched the thermal activity die.

“I’ve been a guide here for 40 years and what is happening here now is alarming. We used to have 15 geysers, now there are only five,” she said.

“The biggest, Pohutu, doesn’t go so high or as often. Some people say it’s the houses drawing off all the steam. Some say it is because it hasn’t rained enough to provide underground water.

“But many people just waste the steam and hot water.”

More ominously, Rotorua and surrounding districts were rocked by nine earth tremors in early August, leading to speculation that dramatic changes may be taking place in this volatile region.

In 1886, Tarawera volcano, 25 kilometres from Rotorua, erupted, killing 153 people.

The region around Rotorua is dotted with volcanic activity, boiling pools, steam fissures, yellow sulphur, and the sounds of gurgling pools of boiling mud.

Writer George Bernard Shaw, after visiting one of the areas called Hell’s Gate, said; “Hell’s Gate I think is the most damnable place I have ever visited, and I’d willingly have paid 10 pounds not to have seen it.”

But for “Bubbles” Mihinui, whose Maori tribe has lived by the geysers for hundreds of years, the answer to the death of the geysers is tied up with Maori legend. “This is a gift of the gods, we should use it not abuse it,” she said.

New Zealand adviser Gordon Guy at Menifo, centre of a sheep-raising project in the Papua New Guinea Eastern Highlands. New Zealand has been assisting the project since 1975 with expertise, grants and shipments of sheep. 43

New Zealand

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Thirteen Pacific Island leaders at the 13th South Pacific Forum in Rotorua in August surveyed French plans for decolonising New Caledonia and refrained from publicly criticising them.

In effect the 13 independent or self-governing states of the Pacific Islands told France: “You seem to be doing an honest job. We support it. We’ll take another look 12 months from now to see how it’s going.”

Nobody would have believed 12 months ago at the 12th Forum in Port-Vila that such a communique would have been issued from Rotorua, but as Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara told his colleagues: “I feel reasonably satisfied that important changes are taking place in New Caledonia far beyond what any one of us envisaged when we were at Vila last year. These changes are designed to meet the aspirations of the Kanak people.

“What is most important is that the changes are taking place under the full responsibility of the French Government. We should continue to encourage the process in a most constructive way in order to achieve the objectives of decolonisation with the least possible bloodshed and disturbance.”

France has Ratu Mara to thank for the final satisfactory (to France) consensus communique from the Forum. It was Ratu Mara who led the delegation from the Forum countries to Paris earlier this year, and it was Ratu Mara’s report, and the manner in which he introduced it and shepherded it through the Rotorua meeting that has resulted in France being given room in which to move.

The views expressed by Ratu Mara in his report were in the end the views expressed in the Forum’s final communique, which said that the Forum: Reaffirms its belief that the principles of self-determination and independence apply to nonself-go veming Pacific countries; Acknowledges and accepts the report of the Forum mission to France and expresses its appreciation to the President of the French Republic for having received the delegation under the leadership of the Prime Minister of Fiji; Takes note of recent developments within New Caledonia, including the Independence Front’s participation in the Council of Government, and expresses concern at the violent acts of groups opposed to reforms in the territory; Acknowledges the efforts of the Kanak people towards the attainment of self-determination and independence of New Caledonia by peaceful means; Welcomes the French Government’s program of reforms in New Caledonia, and expresses the hope that it will continue the 44 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

New Zealand

reform process and give priority to declaring its intentions on the territory’s future political status; Urges the French Government to work closely with the Kanak people of New Caledonia in formulating a political program for a peaceful transition to independence; Declares its continuing interest in the progress in New Caledonia and encourages the French Government to maintain dialogue with the Forum; Decides to forward this resolution to the French President; Decides to review developments further at the 14th meeting of the Forum.

This final communique did not represent opinions expressed at the Forum so much as what leaders were prepared to put their names to. For some, such as Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands but especially for Vanuatu the communique wasn’t strong enough.

Father Walter Lini fought hard but in vain to get his colleagues to agree to the three points of Independence Front spokesman Yann Uregei that were made in Ratu Mara’s report, and which Uregei himself pressed during lobbying sessions in Rotorua.

These were (a) to have New Caledonia listed at the United Nations as a colonial territory so that France would be put under pressure, (b) to get Paris to set a firm time table for independence, and (c) to have Paris recognise the Independence Front as the sole representative of the people of New Caledonia.

Recognition of the Independence Front as representing the people was rejected by almost the entire Forum as interference with domestic New Caledonian politics. But there was sympathy in varying degrees for the other two points.

New Zealand was opposed to all three points and Prime Minister Muldoon felt the whole issue was something of a waste of time, with more important matters to be debated. (Neither he nor Foreign Minister Warren Cooper would see Yann Uregei when he was in New Zealand.) Father Lini’s persuasive view was that white minorities should not be allowed to dictate the future of New Caledonia, and that despite Ratu Mara’s hopes to the contrary, France’s new initiatives were too late to have any worthwhile effect. New Caledonia needed to work to an early time table for independence.

The distance between Lini’s views and those of the Forum chairman (Mr Muldoon) became public on a couple of occasions when he and Mr Muldoon held press conferences for no other reason, apparently, than to score off each other. At the close of the conference, Father Lini made the point that Vanuatu was not bound by any rules of the Forum to stand by and watch the French mishandle the New Caledonian situation over the next 12 months, and that it would unilaterally press the UN to intervene and Paris to name a timetable.

Economic rather than political issues dominated the remainder of the two-day conference. In most cases there was also a fair degree of agreement. The one exception was the debate on civil aviation, which at least ended with a decision for the preparation of yet another report. This one will be a full-scale survey of all aspects of regional air transport in the Pacific Islands, including tourism, air freight and internal passenger traffic, so the governments can have facts on which to plan effectively. The South Pacific Bureau for Economic Co-operation (SPEC) will have this chore.

Delegates to the 13th South Pacific Forum in Rotorua, New Zealand. Left to right, standing: Foreign Minister Warren Cooper, NZ; Prime Minister Tomasi Puapua, Tuvalu; President leremia Tabai, Kiribati; Prime Minister Walter Lini, Vanuatu; Prime Minister Sir Thomas Davis, Cook Islands; Prime Minister Va’ai Kolone, Western Samoa (he has since lost office); President Tosiwo Nakayama, Federated States of Micronesia; Deputy Prime Minister Kamilo Teke, Solomon Islands; Premier Robert Rex, Niue; Interim SPEC Director Jon Sheppard. Seated: Foreign Minister Rabbie Namaliu, PNG; Prime Minister Prince Tu’ipelehake, Tonga; Prime Minister Robert Muldoon, who chaired the sessions, NZ; President Hammer DeRoburt, Nauru; Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, Fiji; Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser, Australia. Picture by Stuart Inder. 45 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

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Mr Muldoon made it clear that New Zealand wanted nothing to do with the Australian airline Ansett, which New Zealand is convinced is attempting to force its way into the lucrative Tasman services. Other critics, including Nauru, had things to say about Ansett’s widening interests in airlines in the region, which Nauru naturally enough sees as competition with Air Nauru. The debate finally developed at cross purposes. Some delegations, including New Zealand’s, were interested in the regional overview, with others taking a bilateral approach. On bilateral matters, there were useful negotiations done outside the conference in hotel rooms.

There was no problem at all about achieving Forum unity when it came to criticising the United States for its refusal to sign the Law of the Sea Convention later this year, or condemning the U.S. for its failure to recognise the sovereign rights of Pacific countries over all fish, including highly migratory species, found within their fishing zones.

The Forum stressed “the vital importance of fisheries comprising highly migratory species” to the Forum countries, and “affirmed the commitment of the Forum members and observer countries to develop their fisheries resources to the benefit of their people. ’ ’ In short, it gave a strong warning to the U.S. that it was required to change its policy because the Island states had no intention of changing theirs.

The “observer countries” are Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia, all administered by the U.S. But the Federated States are now full members of the Forum Fisheries Agency as a result of the Rotorua meeting.

Without naming them, the Forum also hit out at the Japanese, when it resolved that “distant water fishing nations should not link aid to fisheries access agreements,” and “deplored the recent tendency” of nations to make such a link. Kiribati has been the most vocal on this issue, having last year refused to renegotiate a fishing agreement with Japan when it found that its aid package from Japan depended on the extent of its fishing concession.

It regarded this as standover tactics, and said so, in the direct way that the smaller Pacific nations have.

The fisheries decisions were an example of true regionalism in action. In the long term they could well turn out to be the most important and far-ranging decisions yet made by the Forum.

They were drawn up by the Forum Fisheries Agency, and the finer points thrashed out earlier at ministerial level, thus allowing the leaders to endorse the approach with the minimum of debate.

Strangely, one of the older Forum nations, Fiji, later expressed misgivings on this approach, arguing that the Forum should avoid being used as a rubber stamp on decisions made elsewhere.

Some of the younger Forum members see this as commendable so long as the preparation gets done, and the big complaint last year was that not enough of the decisions had been taken at ministerial level, thus wasting the time of the leaders around the kava bowl. That problem was largely overcome this year, but it is likely that the right mix of efficient informality is not going to be easy to achieve. There is probably no likelihood of the South Pacific Forum ever returning to the atmosphere of that first meeting in Wellington, 1971.

The debate, such as it was, on whether the Pacific is ready for a single regional organisation (SRO) to replace the South Pacific Commission (SPC) and the Forum’s technical secretariat, SPEC, did show the value of preparation.

This is a dialogue that both the Forum and the SPC have been having for years, with no result.

Finally last year the Forum called for a report on just what an SRO meant, and hundreds of man hours have since gone into finding out.

PNG came up with a set of answers, SPEC with another, and a committee earlier this year put it all together so the Forum could make a final decision at Rotorua.

What it boiled down to was, could you make SPC and SPEC into one body, make the Forum superior to it, find a headquarters, site satisfactory to everybody, organise the funds to run it, and find a place in it for the U.S., France and the United Kingdom, who are not members of the Forum?

From the administrative point of view the committee considered that an SRO would be more cost-effective, and would function more effectively, bringing about better use of available regional resources, and that therefore there could be “advantages” in establishing it.

But when it looked at the political implications it virtually threw up its hands in horror. It could make no recommendation on that score other than to say that the “political implications would need to be carefully weighed”.

Here was the political minefield as the committee saw it: “The committee considered that the authority of the Forum must remain paramount. The problem is that any explicit assertion of Forum authority over a single regional organisation would raise serious doubts about the continued participation of France, the United States and the United Kingdom . . .

“It also recognised that, while a centralised secretariat would be more efficient and economic to operate, the French attitude to a decision to locate all elements of a single regional organisation away from the present SPC headquarters at Noumea would require further exploration.

“The committee foresaw the need to explore further the legal and constitutional implications which would be involved should 47

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“The committee recognised that a political decision to proceed with the formation of a single regional organisation involved the risk that France, the United States and the United Kingdom could cease to be involved as partners in a regional organisation.”

The Forum never has really been enthusiastic about this question of an SRO, and the thorough investigation into the implications of a change finally gave members the opportunity to put it away in the too-hard basket.

There are those who feel that Australia and New Zealand, through the purse strings, exert too great an influence on the Pacific through the SPC, and would like to see the SPC curtailed. But others feel that getting rid of SPC would create more problems than it solved, and that eventually the thing might well resolve itself.

It is unlikely that the SRO will appear on next year’s agenda. It didn’t even rate a mention in this year’s final communique.

On other business: • The SPARTECA trade agreement was not an issue at Rotorua. The meeting did little more than acknowledge that with Nauru’s accession to the agreement on August 8, all Forum Island countries were now members of the agreement. • There was an easy passage for an inquiry by the U.S. Government as to whether the Forum countries would be interested, in principle, in having a piece of a communications satellite it was planning to put over the Pacific in 1983. It would cost $U.5.650,000 for South Pacific use but another $5 million if it was to be equipped to cover the Pacific as far north as the Northern Marianas plus, in all cases, the cost of ground stations. As the U.S. was interested at this stage only in finding out whether there were likely to be any takers, and the Forum had nothing to lose by saying yes and awaiting detailed costings, it said yes. • The question of establishing a Pacific Islands Fund for loans to Island nations was put aside for a further report next year.

The smaller islands, who would probably make best use of it, were concerned about cost controls, and sought more information. • Mahe Tupouniua was appointed new director of SPEC in place of Dr Gabriel Gris, of PNG, who died in office in March. There was no debate; the Forum rubber-stamped a decision made at the informal meeting of leaders on the Sunday, and thus set off some rumblings that are likely to be heard for some time.

Mahe is the competent founding director of SPEC, who went back to his post as Finance Minister of Tonga in 1980 after seven years as director. Recently he resigned as Finance Minister, but he had not made application for the SPEC post, nor had Tonga officially put his name forward (it felt it wouldn’t be right to do so, since he had already had a long term as director).

But, as Ratu Mara said later, his name “popped up”, and Ratu Mara certainly was one who pressed for his appointment, on the ground that he was efficient and had the required stature to enable him to deal with governments.

In all other circumstances that might well have been the end of it a timely and satisfactory choice. But there was in fact a formal applicant, and formally sponsored by Kiribati Babera Kirata, Kiribati’s Minister for Natural Resources.

Kirata’s last-minute bypassing left a nasty taste in some mouths, notably of those who felt that Melanesia and Polynesia had had an unbroken record in winning top posts in the SPC and SPEC, and that when the opportunity had come, at last, for a competent Micronesian to take his turn, he had been rejected.

Here was a case when more conference formality and less kava-bowl politics might have produced a more acceptable result. 49

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Political Currents

W. Samoans see sell-out of rights in citizenship accord with NZ A wave of protest swept Western Samoa’s capital Apia in August- September as the significance of the Va’ai Kolone government’s citizenship agreement with New Zealand sank into the public mind.

The agreement effectively invalidates the Privy Council ruling that all Western Samoans bom between 1928 and 1949, or their children, are New Zealand citizens with full rights Zealand (PIM Sep p 6).

Under the agreement, worked out by Va’ai Kolone and New Zealand Prime Minister Muldoon, all Samoans now living in New Zealand an estimated 50.000 will acquire citizenship. This includes an estimated 30.000 “overstayers”, Samoans living on in New Zealand after their residence permits have run out.

But for the rest the regular annual quota of 1100 Samoan immigrants to New Zealand each year will be maintained.

There is particular resentment in Western Samoa that the deal was concluded without the slightest attempt at consultation with those affected possibly as many as 100,000 people.

Seven thousand people turned out for a protest meeting in Apia on August 30, and further meetings were planned.

Former Prime Minister and present opposition leader Tupuola Efi accused New Zealand of having “conned” his country’s government into the agreement.

“Thinking people will wake up and realise they have been conned,” he said “It will not be forgotten. ’ ’

Tupuloa said the government had abrogated its duty to its people by sanctioning the agreement.

“It is a basic tenet of the Anglo-Saxon legal heritage that the right to legal citizenship can only be surrended by personal choice,” he said. The values and heritage that New Zealand and Western Samoa shared had been sacrificed to regulate the flow of Samoans into New Zealand.

Tupuola summoned New Zealand journalists who were visiting Apia to his house to make his comments.

He also offered a statement on the issue to the state-controlled radio station. He told the journalists that the station had demanded $lB to broadcast it, but had not told him when it would go to air.

Tupuola’s indignation was shared by members of the Western Samoa Law Society, and by the country’s two main newspapers.

The Law Society described the agreement as “abhorrent”, and summoned a special general meeting to discuss it. They said the government had “no legal basis” for its decision to sanction an agreement that curtailed Samoans’ right of citizenship in New Zealand.

For the daily newspaper The Observer, there was bitter irony in the fact that a party styling itself the Human Rights Protection Party should have “sacrificed the human rights of more than 100,000 Samoans at the whim of New Zealand’s Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon, without those Samoans knowing anything about it”.

Referring to the fact that formally the agreement is a protocol to the existing treaty of friendship between the two countries, The Observer wrote; “For the first time that useless treaty of friendship was taken out of the locker where it had been eaten into by termites. It had not been touched by the New Zealand Government when it began its harassment of overstayers.

Why now? Because now, it suits the New Zealand’s Government’s purpose to do so.

“It means that there is no guarantee that the harassment of overstayers in New Zealand would now stop. The New Zealand legislation will not spell out that if you see a Samoan New Zealand citizen in the street, smile friendly to him, stop and chat. The stigma has been imprinted. A Samoan in New Zealand will always look a Samoan whether he is armed with a New Zealand citizenship or not.

He will always be referred to as ‘that brown coconut’.”

According to a September report Tupuola Efi planned a visit to New Zealand to discuss the agreement with Mr Muldoon. He also planned to present Muldoon with a petition signed by Western Samoans who are opposed to it.

Within a few days of launching, the petition had attracted 15,000 signatures.

Two Samoan women display craftwork at an exhibition in New Zealand’s Hutt Valley. They are typical of more than 50,000 Samoan men and women involved in a controversial new citizenship deal.

Va’ai Kalone, the Samoan political leader who negotiated the contentious citizenship arrangement with New Zealand.

He was prime minister when he made the deal and has since lost office, but the arrangement will stand unless there are major new developments. 51 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY— OCTOBER, 1982

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J 52 PACIFIC ISI ANDSS MONTHLY OCTOBER. 1982

A new Micronesia booklet that tells it like it is On the inside back cover of a yellow-backed booklet which arrived at PlM’s office recently, there’s a drawing not unlike the traditional story boards of Micronesia. It shows a man in a sailrigged outrigger canoe, obviously nonplussed, because there’s a big question mark ballooning above his head. Three islands lie ahead the island of Free Association, the island of Commonwealth, and the island of Independence.

Which explains in a nutshell what the book is all about, and the dilemma facing the people of Micronesia. What do they want as their political future? What will the Americans let them have? There are no answers in this book From Trusteeship to . . . ? Micronesia and its Future, a joint publication of the Micronesia Support Committee and Pacific Concerns Resource Center, both of Honolulu.

But it’s a mine of information on the relationship between the United States, as Trustee of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which is Micronesia, and the Micronesians.

A few months ago, it looked as if the road-end was just around the comer, but that was before the Americans put Ronald Reagan into the White House, to undo much that had been done; to some it seemed for the sake of proving that he could do it. Maybe, it has something to do with missing out on a star part in a film. Maybe, but more likely, as with his actions over the Law of the Sea Convention, because he listened to some powerful voices Big Business lobbying over the Law of the Sea and the ocean’s wealth; the Pentagon breathing heavily in his ear over the strategic importance of those 2000-plus islands of Micronesia.

Strategic importance is, most probably, the nub of the thing.

As the book points out, in 1947, the United Nations designated Micronesia as the world’s only “strategic” Trust Territory, granting the United States power to use the islands for military activities. The Japanese used them as a launching pad in their attack on the United States. After American blood had been shed in winning them back from the Japanese, Americans said that never again would those islands be used as an anti-American base. That explains much of what has transpired in the negotiations between the United States and the Micronesians.

Several years ago, in a radio hook-up discussion with Roger Gale, then at Berkeley University, and Gaven Dawes, of the University of Hawaii, over Micronesia, I suggested in a mild sort of defence of the U.S., that its attitude to its trusteeship was schizophrenic the Pentagon wanted military considerations to be paramount in the United States’ dealings with the Micronesians, while the State Department, like all good Americans, wanted them treated in all sorts of generous ways. The Pentagon seems to have won most of the arguments behind the brass knobs and handles of the White House.

You can’t blame the Americans altogether. Had it not been for that UN designation things might have been different.

The Kwajalein landowners might not now be invading their own land, and the Americans might not have adopted the tough attitude they have at the moment.

But, read it for yourself. It’s all there in this book, at least the case for the Micronesians, pre- Polynesia’s Evangelicals demand end to N-race The Evangelical Church of French Polynesia has demanded a halt to the “nuclear race” in the world, the dumping of radioactive wastes in the Pacific and nuclear testing on Mururoa Atoll.

At a meeting in Papeete in August, the Synod of the Evangelical Church passed a resolution condemning the nuclear race in all its forms.

In a televised appearance on the eve of the end of the five-day Synod meeting, the generalsecretary of the Evangelical Church. John Doom, commented on the resolution.

Mr Doom said the resolution was the outcome of long reflection in the Church during the past few years.

The Church agreed with resolutions on the subject of the World Council of Churches and the Pacific Conference of Churches, he said.

He explained that the resolution had been preceded by a oneweek Bible study session for all ministers of the Tahitian church which represented over 65 percent of the total population of French Polynesia.

Mr Doom also said he did not want this decision to be understood as anti-French, but as an anti-nuclear decision.

He also expressed his concern over the question of land bought by foreign or non-Polynesian people, the problem of the dying Tahitian language and the spread of alcoholism and drug-taking.

Two contributors to the Micronesia book: Father Hezel (top) and Brother Schwalbenberg (left). The Tia Belau Koro cartoon (below) appears in the book and typifies much of the argument. 53 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

Political Currents

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Phone: J. T. Gemmell, F.A.I.V. (075) 371092 A. C. Pring, F.A.I.V. (076) 38 2777 pared and presented by some of the leading authorities on the future status negotiations, all genuinely seeking justice for the Micronesians and not making political capital Professor Roger Clark, Dean Alegado, John Reaves, Dilmei Oikeriil, Francis Hezel SJ, Henry Schwalbenberg SJ, Cal and Laurie Yonamine, Marion and John Kelly, and many more, many of them Americans. The selected bibliography, too, is far from having been chosen haphazardly.

The introduction sets the stage, with history, with extracts from statements by US officials which explain much of what is happening now. Part II is a political status chronology 1947- 1982. Part 111 underlines the important sections of the Compact of Free Association, including the anomalies and legal twists which the Jesuit-directed Micronesian Seminar in Truk has brought to the light of day in a series of memoranda dealt with in the May issue of PIM. Then follow sections on the financial provisions, radiation compensation, military provisions, land use and operating rights, nuclear weapons and waste, and the provisions in the compact for settling disputes.

The book’s value lies not just in explaining the why and the wherefore, but uses clauses in the compact to reveal the pitfalls lurking in the compact to the detriment of the Micronesians.

Nowhere is there condemnation of the United States. Nowhere is the United States attacked. But is there any need to condemn, or to attack, when there are made available in the book the words of U.S. officials, statements like this one from a U.S. Army War College paper: “The only feasible fallback position (from Asia) is unquestionably located in Micronesia where island bases, unlike those in Southeast Asia, would be under permanent U.S. control . . .

Palau has excellent anchorages, Ponape and Babelthuap have land areas in excess of 100 square miles and are suitable for nuclear weapons storage and training areas.’’

Another quote: “The widely scattered islands in Micronesia provide the needed dispersion in the nuclear age. By using islands to support a complex of military bases instead of concentrating on a single island such as Guam, an enemy would find it difficult to destroy U.S. defenses with a single co-ordinated nuclear attack.”

That appears to put the Americans’ case or that of the Pentagon.

From Trusteeship to . . . ? can be had gratis from the Micronesia Support Committee at 1212 University Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96826.

John Carter.

US corporations sponsor South Pacific Conference This month’s 22nd South Pacific Conference in American Samoa has special significance for more than 20 American corporations, each of which is sponsoring the meeting to the tune of SUSSOOO.

Worried about Soviet intrusions in the South Pacific, the corporations see their sponsorships as cementing a partnership with the conference’s 21 Pacific Island members.

That partnership theme has been actively promoted on the U.S. Mainland and in Hawaii by American Samoa Governor Peter T. Coleman.

By mid-August, about 25 U.S. corporations had signed up to sponsor the conference, including a number based in Hawaii.

To attract 50 corporate sponsors a $250,000 infusion of American capital in to the conference’s coffers.

For their donations, the corporations are promised such benefits as attendance at all conference sessions, participation in a PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

Political Currents

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To further stimulate their participation at the Pago Pago meetings on October 23-29, conference promoters are tempting the corporations by appealing to their American patriotic heritage.

“Vital U.S. foreign policy objectives are at stake in seeing that favorable foundations are constructed, in the Pacific for an atmosphere of partnership to evolve,” says one promotional leaflet given to executives. “Properly approached, and with a reciprocal attitude of partnership, American business can benefit, and especially so during this period of foundation-building.”

The promotional literature also invokes the Soviet threat to the Pacific, hinting that Pacific Islands security is at stake and that American corporate influence can help deflate the Soviet menace.

“This year, 1982, represents a pivotal crossroads for the South Pacific, the East-West, capitalist-socialist implications in nearterm decision making are crucial.

“The Soviets are making strong, serious overtures to Pacific Island leaders, offering various forms of economic assistance which is vitally needed. The Soviet objective, of course, is to extend its sphere of influence. So far, the Soviets have been effectively “rebuffed”.

“Essentially, the Pacific Island nations are receptive to an increased presence by American, other Western, and Japanese companies which can provide needed goods ad services. This approach is far preferable to a government grant of foreign aid, which is the only alternative to Soviet economic and political penetration of the region. The time is right for the business sector to enhance its involvement in the Pacific Islands.”

American corporations with Pacific Island interests apparently agree. Pacific Resources, Inc., a Honolulu-based oil company which has a refinery in the Hawaiian Islands, was one of the first multinationals to chip in its cash. The Bank of Hawaii, which has branches on Guam, in American Samoa, in the Micronesian islands, and representative offices on other Pacific Islands, was also quick to offer sponsorship as were Docummun Metals Co, and Grand Pacific Life Insurance Co.

Conference promoters said if business can show its willingness and capacity to develop constructive programs that will help neighbors help themselves, it will “help establish an American policy based on mutual economic strength and co-operation in an area so tragically proven in war to be of monumental strategic importance to the U.S.”

American Samoan government officials added that sponsorship would show that American corporations were committed to President Ronald Reagan’s philosophy of voluntarism.

The conference will also serve to introduce the corporations to American Samoa, itself looking to attract investment capital. Although a “Samoa for Samoan” policy exists, the territory encourages outside investment. At present, the islands’ major foreign investments are the Van Camp and Star Kist tuna-canning operations.

Business leaders will be able to express their thoughts about the partnership’s potential and problems at a special symposium called Pacific 2000. Other topics scheduled for discussion are energy independence, education and health, tourism and transportation, and economic development.

The conference is the annual forum of the South Pacific Commission, a regional co-operative development institution founded in 1947, and based in New Caledonia. It has 21 Pacific Island government members and five metropolitan members the United States, United Kingdom, France, New Zealand, and Australia.

Paul Addison in Honolulu. 56 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY OCTOBER, 1982

Political Currents

From the ISLANDS PRESS From a letter signed ‘Watch Out’, Wellington, NZ, in The Observer, Apia I commend you on your great editorial (see attached clipping) but as usual only words, the crafty Samoan windbag rhetoric again! Low profile is not necessary, you could not sink any lower! Any banana republic has a national identity, but you people sell it for 30 pieces of silver any day. Every New Zealander knows that the only reason you want our citizenship is not because you like the country or us, but for what you can get out of us. As for me, I pay enough taxes, and I am fed up with you bludgers! . . .

From the Papua New Guinea Post-Courier, Port Moresby A day-old baby was recovered alive from its grave seven hours after it had been buried in East New Britain Province on Wednesday. Kokopo police found the baby’s six-foot deep grave at Karavi village, Kokopo. They had rushed to the village following reports that the baby’s mother had buried it alive.

From a letter in the Cook Islands News, Rarotonga from a New Zealand woman visitor married to a Cook Islander On arrival at the airport I was told I would have to have a visitor’s permit to stay although my husband and children didn’t because they were of Cook Islands blood ... I would like to know why a Cook Islander is issued with a NZ passport and can leave for NZ as they wish with NO restrictions and using all the facilities NZ has to offer, with no questions asked, but when a New Zealander arrives in the Cook Islands they have to get a permit.

From the Marshall Islands Journal, Majuro If you didn’t know, you should know. It is illegal to drink alcohol in the outer islands of the Marshalls. Of course, penalty is varied from atoll to atoll. On some atolls, for example, they’ll fine you $25 and give you maybe a month in jail. But since all the outer islands don’t have jails of their own, they usually send in their prisoners to Majuro. Today, Helsar Maijon, 22, and Allison Kaiko, 30, both of Utirik Atoll, were flown in from Utirik Atoll for drinking and doing something else besides disturbing the peace of peaceful Utirik Atoll. And for doing that naughty thing, they will be locked up in the Majuro jail (which is something else again) not for the rest of their natural life but just two months.

From Uni Tavur, newsletter of the students of the University of Papua New Guinea The Ondobondo poetry recital this week was organised by Sampson Ngwele and Russell Soaba. The purpose of these monthly recitals is to create an awareness of the value of reading and writing poetry and prose. One of the poems on campus this week advertising the event was by Ngwele, a Vanuatuan poet. It was called Confession of a Student. “Last week’s assignment, overdue. This week’s readings, incomplete.

This morning’s lecture, bloody boring. Four solid years of this, what a bore! Too much studies on this campus, said he. There should be more, more sex in studies and more studies in sex.”

From Cook Islands News, Rarotonga Don’t knock ceremonies is a message that Minister of Internal Affairs laveta Short would like to take hold amongst the community ... He said there are some who are actually knocking these ceremonies (opening of parliament) and saying “It is a waste of time and anachronism and a hangover from the old colonial days.’’ “If we maintain this attitude this country will find in the future that it has lost its own traditional culture and also its modem history,” he said.

From The Norfolk Islander After many years of effort and hard work, the island this week received a new set of up-to-date road traffic laws which should come into operation within the next few weeks . . . One of the groups who will no doubt feel a bit put out by the new laws will be the senior pupils of the school who were looking forward to their 15th birthday when, in the past, they could get a licence to drive a certain size motorcycle. Unfortunately for them, this privilege has now been revoked and they will have to twiddle their thumbs and ride pushbikes or go in the bus for another 12 months.

From The Times of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby Within hours of Michael Somare winning back the Prime Ministership of Papua New Guinea, clouds began forming over parched Port Moresby, in the middle of a dry season, and poured down welcome rain until the weekend. For this, more than one citizen proclaimed, hail “The Chief”.

From Te Uekeraa, Tarawa, Kiribati There will be a state luncheon on 23 October, 1982, on the occasion of the visit to Kiribati of HM Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip. Importers of fresh food are invited to tender for the provision of the following foods which are required fresh on Friday 22 October 1982; 50 Head of Lettuce, 50 lbs of Tomatoes, 40 lbs of Onions, 50 lbs of Cabbage, 25 bunches of Celery, 40 lbs of Carrots, 10 lbs of Apples, 2 lbs of Garlic, 62 litres of Ice-Cream, 20 lbs of Butter.

From the Tongan Chronicle, Nukualofa The new electronic Seiko clocks installed at the tower of the Centenary Church in Nukualofa began functions at 5 p.m. on Wednesday. The SUS2O,OOO clocks were a generous gift of Mr Koo Cheng Kang, of the Sino Farm Store, Nukualofa. It was presented to His Majesty by Mr Clement Tsien, the Republic of China’s Ambassador to Tonga . . . His Majesty said the clocks with their musical chimes in Taiwan would normally remind the people to consult their own wrist-watches for the exact time.

However, in Tonga, His Majesty said, it would be necessary to install a special addition to the mechanisms enabling the clocks to chime out each hour for the benefit of the Tongan people, very few of whom own wrist-watches.

From The Fiji Times, Suva Police have warned people to expect instances of computer crime following wide introduction of computers in financial and business activity in Fiji . . . The latest issue of the Royal Fiji Police magazine “On Call” says Fiji is fast entering the stage where large sums of money are stored in computers and represented only by binary patterns or “A Pattern of Bits” . . .

“The computer has come to stay,” the editorial says. “It is up to us to try and understand, before it is too late, that the computer stores large sums of money represented on it as nothing more than a pattern of bits.” With a cashless society around the bend and transactions which used to involve payments by cheque or cash to now revolve around the magnetic imprint on a small plastic disc, it would be a “very tempting target” to the computer criminal.

From Radio Vanuatu’s news bulletin, Port-Vila There was only about 86 percent of the normal sunshine during the first six months of the year . . . The lack of sunshine has had an effect on local produce. Vegetables like cabbages and tomatoes have been much more subject to rotting in the ground, along with peppers and carrots. The lack of sunshine has meant tnat the ground is more than usually waterlogged. And we have learnt, too, that it’s been a bad season for strawberries. The normally excellent Port-Vila strawberry has been affected by the rotting, and fruits have not been ripening as they should, and have also been deformed. 57 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY OCTOBER, 1982

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BOOKS Islands churches: Problems, hopes for the '80s Tides of Change Pacific Christians Review Their Problems and Hopes. Published by the Commission for World Mission of the Uniting Church in Australia, in co-operation with the Joint Board of Christian Education of Australia and New Zealand, Melbourne, 1981. Edited by Vaughan Hinton. 127 pp.

Price SAS. ISBN 0 85819 326 4.

This is a book that was crying out to be written. It’s a first-class work in every way. Sub-titled ‘‘Pacific Christians Review Their Problems and Hopes”, Tides of Change offers 30 topical essays on issues affecting the younger churches of the South Pacific Island nations. Ten poems and commentaries, interspersed throughout among the essays, reflect another side of the developing literature on the general subject. Three pages of statistics give details of 14 Island states in a compact form. A reading list, notes on contributors, and Francis Bugotu’s “This Man” complete the book.

Not all Christian denominations in the Pacific are represented, nor are all the writers indigenous. But these are not much more than nitpicker’s points in relation to a publication so long overdue and so much needed.

Culture, tradition, power, “new theology”, and ecumenism are given full treatment.

The compiler, Vaughan Hinton, has divided the contributions into six sections; “The Way Things Were”, “Culture and Identity”, “Powers in Paradise”, ‘‘New Theology and Friendships”, “Stresses and Struggles”, and “Searching for New Relationships”.

It’s obvious that the issues considered important by the Oceanian churches will differ from those perceived as important in Australia, and even in other developing nations.

Back in 1970 I ventured the expression “Fourth World” to describe the South Pacific countries, with their vast ocean distances, small populations, and their total dependence on agriculture and the sea.

In 1982 I see no reason to abandon the term, because the South Pacific is a unique area, with problems and strengths all its own. The essays reflect this different world, this unique part of the globe.

The essay “Islanders Have Long Been Missionaries” by Dr David Wetherell will surprise many: “. . . most village people in the South Pacific first heard the Gospel stories as they reclined on mats or squatted on the sand with other Pacific Islanders.” Over 1100 names of such Islander missionaries are on the roll of honor of the Pacific Theological College, and the list is not complete.

Other essays tell, for the first time in English apparently, of lesser known aspects of Oceanic Christian life. “French-Speaking Christians Say Bonjour ”, and “Breakthrough from Isolation in French Polynesia” remind us that French-language people don’t have to be either Catholics or atheists. Apart from Wallis- Futuna, the majority of Frenchspeaking Pacificans are Protestant Christians.

“Do Indian People Fit Into Fiji?” by Fiji-bom Daniel Mastapha made me sit up, by noting that Fiji Indians are the largest single group of people in the South Pacific. In view of recent reports on the political scene in Fiji, the author, though very informative, is possibly overoptimistic about future relationships between the country’s two main races.

Though I found the whole book a delight, for me some of the contributions stood out; “Tonga Feudal Anachronism or Christian Community?”, “The Role of Prayer in Nationbuilding”, “Towards a Melanesian Style of Christian Life”, “ A Missionary in Politics”, “The Christian Presence Plus and Minus”, “The Growing Women’s Movement”, “Australia’s Economic Presence in the Pacific”, “Tourism Yes Please, No Thank You”, and “New Caledonians Seek Their Independence.” Not all of these, of course, will appeal equally to all readers.

In a book for dipping into (as this one certainly is), subject matter is often more important than mere authorship. Yet Mr Hinton has done the Commission for World Mission proud with a wide selection of contributing writers. The locals include the Rev Dr Sione Latukefu (Tonga), Bishop Gasika Gasika (Papua New Guinea), Amelia Rokotuivuna (Fiji), Bishop Leslie Boseto (Solomon Islands), Lorine Tevi (Fiji), the Rev Walter Lini (Vanuatu), the Rev S.

Amanaki Havea (Tonga/Fiji), Bernard Mulla Narakobi (PNG), the Rt Rev Harry Tevi (Vanuatu), and the Rev B.

Nabitari (Kiribati).

Of the non-essays, I found Francis Bugotu’s dramatic poem “This Man” extremely moving.

Tang Wai-lin’s offbeat “The English and Their Cup of Tea” had me puzzled, unless it’s a tribute to early English missionaries and their intrepid ways.

As a “handbook for people seeking to understand the changes sweeping the Pacific and as a reference on Australian- Pacific relations” it is invaluable. It should be in the library of anyone interested in this Pacific “Fourth World” and not only those engaged in religious activities either.

If there’s a sequel to this book and it’s to be hoped sequels come in a steady stream may I suggest that the following topics should also be covered: “Forming of Conscience”, “Urban Apostolate”, “Hindu and Christian Relationships”, “The Gay Communities of Polynesia and Christian Witness”, “The Melanesian Brotherhood and Other Religions” and “Grace Builds on Nature in Polynesian/Melanesian/Micronesian Customs”.

Bill Sharpe-Dunn.

With the impetus of the missionary-settlers the Pacific people adopted a new religion and built new churches. But how are the churches faring today? 59 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

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BOOKS Ok Tedi: What lies at the rainbow's end?

Ok Tedi: The Pot of Gold. By Richard Jackson. Published by the University of Papua New Guinea, 1982. 199 pp. Thirty color photographs, nine maps, index. Distributed by Word Publishing, Box 1982, Boroko, NCD, PNG. K 6.95.

Ok Tedi: The Pot of Gold is a real gem. The reader will find it worth its weight in gold. Richard Jackson, professor of geography at the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG), now on secondment to the Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research (lASER) as their director, has been extensively involved over the past six years as a consultant on the impact of Ok Tedi. Since 1976 he has walked around the villages of Kiunga and Telefomin Districts, and has written a number of reports on the area for the Department of Minerals and Energy. He has also served as a member of the Ok Tedi Management Committee. The UPNG has sponsored his research.

What we have here is a story well told the story of a quest, the perennial seeking of men and women for riches and adventure.

Jackson tells his tale as if it were a detective story. Indeed, the search for the earth’s resources, their ownership, division of the spoils, and who wins and who loses, all have the makings of a good mystery.

In this case the target is Mount Fubilan (“a steep and slippery place” in the local dialect), a mountain more than 2000 metres high in a remote comer of PNG the Star Mountains, near the Indonesian border of Irian Jaya.

This mountain of gold, copper and silver was first discovered in 1968. So far there have been many losers and a few winners.

The losers have been Kennecott, the American company that in the early ’7os was up against it in Chile. Kennecott thought they were into a marginal copper mine they didn’t know they were exploring what is first and foremost a gold mine. They were interested in possible tax losses on the millions they’d already invested. They lost in the negotiations with the Papua New Guinean team, and pulled out. This is a long and involved part of the history of Ok Tedi, and Jackson tells it with zest.

Another set of losers have been the people who have given their lives to the exploration and development of the mine. The first was Dave Binnie, a helicopter pilot who was killed in an accident in 1968. Many more may die in the process of removing Mt. Fubilan over the next 30 years.

The flora and fauna of the area will be losers too. But, as Jackson points out, proper environmental impact studies, carried out over many years, have never been done, so authorities have been forced to make projections based on minimal information.

There is even a plant unique to the area named Fubilanensis. Attempts to transplant it elswhere have failed.

Again, little is known about the capacity of the river system to absorb and distribute waste.

We do know that the denudation rates are among the highest in the world. The rate of natural erosion, landslides on the Hindenburg Wall, are all absorbed by the Ok Tedi River system. The extremely high rainfall in the area facilitates this process naturally. But we also know that a drought in 1972 dried up the Fly to shipping at Kiunga. What will happen when mining and slides and high denudation rates all combine with a drought?

Still, compared to the ecological disasters on Bougainville caused by the copper mine there, Jackson feels the impact of removing Mount Fubilan will be negligible at least on the wildlife.

The impact on the Min people is another question. In some respects they have already been losers. Their lives, especially for those who live near the mine, have forever been altered. While Jackson discusses various scenarios in relation to other effects of the mine, he does not fully explore the possible impacts on the Min people. He quotes David Hyndman: “The Wopkaimin will be practising their subsistence system for many years to come, regardless of the boom or bust consequences of mining in the area.”

Already Ok Tedi has drawn out men for the labor force, and the men and women left at home in many places are depending more on remittances, or, as in parts of Oksapmin and Telefomin, have started producing food for the mine (already three tonnes a week goes by air from Oksapmin).

Even distant peoples will have their lives changed irreversibly by the mine. (Jackson has covered these issues in more detail in his report to Minerals and Energy.) Another set of losers will be the Evangelical and Catholic missionaries the only people who have shown any consistent interest in the Min peoples until preparations for the mine began in earnest in 1981. A project of this scale with investments of nearly SUSI billion is bound to eclipse the missions.

Jackson is concerned to explore the possible benefits of the mine. The “winners” could possibly be many too. Though the profits from the “pot of gold” won’t begin to be realised until 1985 or 1986, it is estimated that SUSIO billion will eventually be shared out. People have been making money from Ok Tedi since it was started by Kennecott in 1968. In fact Kennecott did so well by the people at Tabubil they found it hard to believe the stories of Kennecott’s reputation elsewhere.

Jackson traces with keen interest the story from Kennecott’s withdrawal, the PNG Government’s “going it alone” from March, 1975, to the agreement with “the Big Australian,” Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP), in March, 1976, to the final agreement in February, 1981.

The new consortium is with BHP of Australia, Amoco of America, and Kupferexplorationsgesellschaft of Germany. The launching of Ok Tedi Mining Company Ltd (the 10 directors include two Papua New Guineans) is treated with great irony by Jackson. He is quick to point out that no Wopkaimin were present. Jackson, who dedicated his book to the people of the Western Province, writes of the marriage of partners and the wedding cake; “The whole cake rests on a table that is the Western Province and surrounding areas. That proportion of the table on which the mine actually stands belongs to the Wopkaimin. All the owners of the table are concerned not only to obtain a slice of cake for themselves, but to ensure that their guests in their stampede for The Ok Tedi exploration was a huge and expensive operation. This Sud Aviation Alouette III helicopter served the original mountain camp at Tabubil. 61 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY OCTOBER, 1982

their own slices do not wreck their table.”

Tremendous profits are to be raked off throughout the construction phase. Since Jackson finished his book in March, 1981, there have been a number of examples of this, like Talair’s contract for over K 1 million to fly between Port Moresby and Kiunga and Tabubil for OTMCL (Ok Tedi Mining Company Ltd), or contracts for the building of the road between Kiunga and Tabubil, and houses for the workers.

In describing the course of events between Kennecott’s leaving in 1975 and the final agreement in 1981, Jackson does not fully explore one scenario that the foreign companies favored an enclave mining development such as they have in the mountains of central Irian Jaya (which is even fenced off against rebels). An enclave development is much simpler for foreign companies, as all problems of dealing with local people and suppliers are avoided. All labor is foreign, all equipment, materials, food and supplies are imported, and the ore is exported the companies get their profits, and the government its taxes.

But such an approach has always been unacceptable to PNG.

Yet in 1982 there is tremendous conflict already as the companies tend to import from Australia or the USA things they could buy (with more effort, and often at higher cost) in PNG. How firm the PNG Government will be in circumventing this tendency to an enclave pattern of mining remains to be seen.

To PNG the benefits from the mine (and other such projects) have always been seen in terms of revenue to support “real development”. PNG remains dependent on untied aid from Australia of about K2OO million a year. It is unlikely that any other country in the world receives such generous aid.

But PNG is also committed to trying to reduce this dependency over the years through the establishment of major projects like Ok Tedi. The surplus generated is ideally seen as going to help pay for the social services and infrastructure the country is missing (only 13 percent of the relevant age group are in high school, roads, bridges, health centres all need to be built, and employment generated PNG has all the problems of any underdeveloped nation).

Recent developments in PNG during the Chan government have made many people wonder who will really benefit from Ok Tedi.

Jackson quotes another Jackson report, that of Dudley Jackson in February, 1981, who wrote as a consultant to the National Planning Office: “There is a danger that over the next few decades the mineral wealth will simply be squandered, leaving bleak prospects and bare pickings for future generations”

Richard Jackson comments; “Perhaps the Pot of Gold will have been spent even before it is dug out of the ground.”

Jackson goes on to point out that in many isolated areas of PNG mining may be the only type of development the people can expect. “The fundamental problem remains the way in which government spends its revenues. Mining must be encouraged to tie into the local economy, or there will be no local economy and there will be no development, judged by government’s past performance.”

The need for OTMCL to pay attention to the recruitment, training, and purchasing programs so that they benefit local people is recognised by Jackson.

He goes on to say; “Unless things change local people will have very valid reasons for believing that whilst the company and the two governments have arranged things very nicely for themselves they have left nothing but crumbs and a wrecked table for the people of the area.”

Jackson explores the Min identity and has their cause at heart. A recent development not mentioned in the book is the creation of the North Fly Development Area. This amounts to a form of de-decentralisation, with the North Fly Development Area being administered from Port Moresby by a Kiap, Des Fitzer, who mounted the first government patrol in the area in January, 1963. This recentralisation is meant to be in the interest of the Min peoples. Tabubil will have its first Kiap, and Kiunga its own senior officers (like a superintendent of education) as in other provinces.

The move is also in line with the importance of the development of the area to PNG.

Similar overtures are being made in Telefomin District. If and when both the North Fly and Telefomin are free from the indifference of the provincial administrations they now endure over 300 kilometres away in Dam and Vanimo they hope that the districts may “go ahead”.

Could it also be the start of a Min Province?

For all those interested in the problems of “development” in the Pacific this is a book worth reading and owning.

Sheldon G. Weeks. * Sheldon G. Weeks is director of the Education Research Unit, UPNG, Port Moresby.

Books Received SOUTH PACIFIC HANDBOOK.

Second Edition. By David Stanley.

Edited by Bill Dalton. Published by Moon Publications, P.O. Box 1696- SF, Chico CA 95927 U.S.A. ISBN 0-9603322-3-5. Price U 5514.25.

Pub 1982-3.

The Chinese In Papua New

GUINEA: 1880-1980. By David Y.H. Wu. Published by The Chinese University Press, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hongkong. ISBN 962-201-255-1.

Price U 5517.50. Pub. 1982.

FAGOGO. Fables from Samoa in Samoan and English. Collected, arranged and translated by Richard Moyle. Published by Auckland University Press and Oxford University Press. Price NZ517.50. Pub. 1981.

Retreat From Kokoda. By

Raymond Pauli. Published by Heinemann Publishers Australia Pty.

Ltd. P.O. Box 133, Richmond, 3121. ISBN 0-85561-049-2. Price $9.95. Reissue 1982.

BIKMAUS. Vol 111, No. 1. Edited by Andrew Strathem, Rex Okona, Kathy Kituai, John Kolia. March 1982 edition. Subscription charge $20.00 per annum.

ORAL HISTORY. Part Two. Vol IX, Number 1. Collected by Mary Mennis. Published by The Institute of PNG Studies. ISBN 0210-2556.

Edited by Pamela Swadling, National Museum and Art Gallery. Price each issue K 51.50.

Land And Politics In New

CALEDONIA. By Alan. W. Ward.

Published by Department of Political and Social Change, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. ISBN 86784- 077-3. Pub. 1982.

ROAD BELONG DEVELOP- MENT. CARGO CULTS, COM- MUNITY GROUPS AND SELF-

Help Movements In Papua

NEW GUINEA. By Rolf Gerritsen, R.J. May and Michael A.H.B. Walter. Published by Australian National University. ISBN 0-86784-044-7.

No price available.

NATIONAL-PROVINCIAL GOV-

Ernment Relations In

PAPUA NEW GUINEA. By R.J.

May. Published by Australian National University. ISBN 0-86784- 031.5. No price available.

A VOYAGE TO NEW HOL- LAND. By William Dampier. Edited by James Spencer. Published by Alan Sutton Publishing Limited 17a Brunswick Road, Gloucester GLI IHG. ISBN 0-904387-75-5. Distributed by Angus & Robertson.

Price $19.95. Pub. 1981.

An Account Of The

Mutiny Of Hms Bounty. By

Lieutenant William Bligh. Edited by Robert Bowman. Published by Alan Sutton Publishing Limited, 17a Brunswick Road, Gloucester GLI IHG. Distributed by Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-904387 47X.

Price $19.95. Pub. 1981.

TI-E VARANE. By George G. Carter on behalf of Unichurch Publishing P.O. Box 90, Rabaul ENBP PNG.

Pub. 1981.

New Guinea Images In

AUSTRALIAN LITERATURE.

Edited by Nigel Krauth. Published by University of Queensland Press, P.O. Box 42, St Lucia, Qld., 4067.

Price $19.95 (cloth) $9.95 (paper).

Pub. 1982.

CONFRONTING THE NUC- LEAR AGE. By John Hinchcliff.

Published by Pacific Peacemaker, P.O. Box 311, Bondi Junction. ISBN 0-9593609-0-5. Price $4. Pub. 1982.

Keith Hulley, Kennecott’s project manager, examines a core sample. Jackson’s book describes the Kennecott withdrawal “with keen interest". 62 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982 BOOKS

TRAVEL Dr STEPHEN WEINSTEIN completes his two-part series on off-the-beaten track holiday destinations in the Hawaii group. This month he discovers the controversial, militaryassociated island of Kahoolawe (in company with some Hawaiian land-rights activist friends), Kauai, the “Big Island” of Hawaii itself, and the manifold charms of the island of Oahu.

Guidebook, not tourist brochure, was this Hawaii visitor’s friend Kahoolawe: Though only a few kilometres from Maui, Kahoolawe is one of the least visited islands in the Hawaiian Archipelago, and has been offlimits since the military took it over for target practice in World War 11. Before that it was used as ranching land by the McPhee family.

The island has considerable cultural and spiritual significance for the native Hawaiian community, and in the late ’7os various Hawaiian activists staged illegal “occupations” of the island. Eventually an agreement was reached with the navy which provided for monthly access by members of the Kahoolawe Ghana. It was through this Hawaiian nationalist organisation that we were able to visit Kahoolawe in June, 1982.

After camping overnight in Maui, where last-minute details were settled, such as the signing of several “release waivers” for the navy, we proceeded in three boatloads this was one of the largest access groups, includingseveral scientists and reporters the first setting out just before dawn. Baggage was loaded in plastic garbage-bags, and everyone brought five gallons of water each, as there is no water on Kahoolawe. The group then joined hands in a circle and offered a prayer in Hawaiian and English. This Pule, as it is known, is administered by a Kapuna (elder), or Kahuna (priest), and was performed before each meal on the island, and again before leaving Kahoolawe.

The boat trip took only oneand-a-half hours and passed the tiny horseshoe-shaped islet of Molokini, with its beautiful reef.

Upon arrival, a simple line with plastic bottles attached as floats was stretched to shore (about 100 metres) along which passengers swam. Baggage and the water were then ferried ashore in a Zodiac belonging to the Greenpeace organisation, and then passed the last few yards by human chain (invariably getting soaked in sea water) to the beach.

A pathway led across the driftwood-strewn brown sands to the settlement itself, which consisted of a communal kitchen, garden, and the framework of a Halau (Hawaiian longhouse) under construction. Our boat brought bamboo and building materials, and these were floated ashore by swimmers. Some of the Hawaiians had brought symbolic “gifts to the land,” often plants, breadfruit or coconut wrapped in leaves. (This aspect of things was not advertised, and it was only by chance that we became aware of it.) Around the beach, and in the groves of thorny Kiawe trees, people camped.

Facilities being non-existent, the two adjacent beaches to the main camp served as washing areas, the one on the left for the women and to the right for men. Taboos were placed on sex, alcohol and Pakalolo (marijuana), though enforcement of these was left to the individual.

In the mornings the sun would rise spectacularly over Mt Haleakala across the strait on Maui, and at night the lights of Maui would be clearly visible.

The first night ashore was taken up largely by speeches on Hawaiian culture, nationalism, and other themes by various members. On the second night a luau (feast) was prepared in a traditional earth oven and served with poi (a thick paste made from pounding the cooked taro root).

People were summoned to the meals and meetings by the sound of a conch shell trumpet.

Much of the daytime was taken up by hikes along the coast and into the hot, dry interior, or by working on the Halau or various camp duties. On the highest point of Kahoolawe (Mt Lua Makika, elevation 450 metres) one could see the islands of Maui, Molokai and Lanai, with Oahu barely visible on the north-western horizon, and the peaks of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, on Hawaii, poking up through the clouds in the east.

From this vantage point it was easy to see why the ancient Hawaiians referred to this as the “central” island.

In addition to the Hawaiians, there were geologists, archaeologists and botanists in the party, and these all had their respective survey jobs to carry out. All groups leaving the camp had a military escort of bombdisposal men, since the island is covered with shells, rocket bombs, mortars and smaller items of ammunition, some of it live. The continued bombing of Kahoolawe is still a hot political issue, and became more so during the recent RIMAC Exercises (in which Australian and New Zealand ships participated, but declined to shell Kahoolawe).

During the hikes we saw many archaeological remains, this be- Black Sand Beach on Hawaii Island itself the dramatic contrast of white palms and black volcanic rocks.

PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER. 1982

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ing one of the few places in Hawaii that has not been explored with a fine-tooth comb.

House sites and Heiaus (temples) were prominent, with their rectangular stone bases and walls.

One or two Heiaus have been restored, complete with carved images, by adherents of the ancient Hawaiian religion, which is undergoing a limited revival.

Since Kahoolawe was too dry for agriculture, fishing played a major role in pre-contact times, and there are many Koa (fishing shrines) dedicated to the shark Amakua (spirit), and other deities. In one such Koa a bone fishhook was found, and this was left in a crevice for the benefit of future visitors. It is forbidden to remove any artifacts from Kahoolawe. Cowry shells with bored holes (used as squid lures), and other shells, were also found. The number and distribution of these shells are used by archaeologists to calculate population size at a given historical period. Because of its uninhabited state, Kahoolawe is surrounded by beautiful coral reefs well stocked with fish, though many areas are showing signs of destruction. Erosion is widespread, with very little vegetation surviving the combined effects of lack of water, bombing, and goats. The silt runoffs reduce the clarity of the water to zero and destroy the corals and marine life at various points on the coast.

On our third day ashore we were joined by “Uncle” Harry Mitchell, a prominent figure in the Ghana. During the recent RIMPAC bombings he “occupied” Kahoolawe by going over on a surfboard at night. His son was lost with a friend doing the same a few years ago. This grey-haired gentleman is one of the few Hawaiians who retain the skill of navigating by the stars, wind, and swells, as he was taught by his Hawaiian ancestors.

On our last night a huge bonfire was set, and ukulele music and singing carried on throughout the night. Two baby goats had been caught from the many that run wild, and one was headed for Guam as a token from Kahoolawe to encourage the fight for a common cause.

Farewells were emotional as we loaded up the boat again, this time to leave.

Kauai: The single unforgettable part of Kauai is the rugged Na Pali coast, with its beaches and valleys accessible by foot, boat, or helicopter. The best way is probably on foot though, with the distance from the trailhead at the road’s end to Kalalau Beach being 18 kilometres (10 as the crow flies), along some very steep and scenic coastal trail, with numerous switchbacks and “hairy” cliffs. Spur trails lead inland to waterfalls at Hanakapiai and Hanakoa, and there are good views of the sea along the whole trail. We saw and operate the Robinson’s ranch there. Niihau is the only place where the Hawaiian language has not given way to English. The forerunners of the present owners bought the island from King Kamehameha IV in 1864 for $lO,OOO and it is strictly offlimits to all except relatives of the inhabitants, and invited guests of the owners.

Hawaii: The Big Island, as it is called locally, is geologically the youngest in the Hawaiian chain, and the only place where volcanoes are still active. The Volcanoes National Park shows many aspects of vulcanism, with lava flows of various ages, steam vents in the ground, sulphur deposits, and the highlight numerous goats, and whales spouting on the horizon. The Kalalau Valley and beach were the site of a few hippie communities in the ‘6os, and the setting is ideal for “back to nature” living. A waterfall right on the beach serves as a freshwater shower, and there are caves nearby for shelter. The valley has ruins of taro terraces from the time when there was a sizable population here, but is now uninhabited except for the campers, some of whom never leave.

West from Kauai is the privately-owned island of Niihau, where about 200 Hawaiians live Kilauea caldera itself, the mouth of the crater. The crater floor is black lava, crossed by walking trails with steam vents at regular intervals. The observatory contains seismographic instruments, and the nearby Volcano House is a hotel located right on the crater rim. The volcano has eruptions occasionally, when fresh lava is pushed out of the crater. Also in the area is the Thurston lava tube, a long tunnel formed by lava cooling around its periphery, while remaining hot and flowing in the centre.

Though this lava tube is lit up inside, a far longer and more interesting lava tube is found near Hilo, the Kaumana Caves, and for these you need to bring your own light. They comprise two lava tubes, the smaller going for about a kilometre and opening up at the surface at its opposite end, while the longer goes for many kilometres in the direction of Hilo. These tubes are not lit up, and one needs a strong torch to explore them. Needless to say we limited our excursion to the smaller one.

While in Hilo, other sights are the Rainbow Falls, and a few miles outside town the Akaka Falls Park, with paved paths, views of the waterfall, and labelled native plants and trees.

Hilo itself is the second largest city in the State of Hawaii, but does not have much of a tourist industry because of the rainy climate and absence of good beaches. The Kona coast on the other hand has a rapidly expanding tourist industry, new subdivisions are being carved into the hillsides, and real estate prices are skyrocketing.

The “City of Refuge” is an interesting complex of reconstructed Hawaiian houses, canoes, and a temple with carved wooden images, located on the Kona coast. It is so called because in the old days breakers of the taboo could seek refuge from their pursuers (and likely execution) by undergoing certain purification rituals by the Kahunas (priests) in this temple.

On the northern part of the Kona coast stands the ruins of a heiau built by King Kamehameha I in the last years of the 18th century, before embarking on his conquest of the other islands in the chain that united the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1795. The temple was intended to gain favor war-god Kukailimoku a scheme that was apparently successful. Even today this heiau , as well as others like it, is regarded with a certain respect, and treading on it is strongly discouraged.

The southern tip of Hawaii is called Ka Lae, or the Point, and was the site of the first settlement by the Tahitian voyagers who arrived 1000 years ago in their double-hulled canoes. It is also the southernmost point in the USA. Near Ka Lae is a beach A pattern of the sea off Oahu. Submerged reefs in Harauma Bay, the crater of a now-extinct volcano. 65 TRAVEL PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

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Name Address with green sand. The famous Black Sands Beach is also located on the Big Island, the sand being pulverised black lava.

That beach, however, is in the process of being eroded by the sea, and is much narrower today than on photographs of a few years ago. A short drive from Ka Lae brings one to Milolii, said to be the last functioning fishing village in Hawaii.

A last place worth mentioning is the lush Waipio Valley in the northwest, once the site of a flourishing population of 5000. It was the second settlement founded by the Tahitian voyagers, and it was ruled by the semilegendary King Umi, ancestor of Kamehameha I, who grew up in this valley. Now fewer than 50 people live there, growing taro.

The valley can be reached by four-wheel-drive cars, and an eight-room, kerosene-lighted hotel has recently been opened down there. A path following an old Hawaiian foot-trail leads on to the next valley, Waimanu, which is uninhabited, but has an attractive enough setting with beach at one end, waterfall at the other, and a forest full of wild fruits in between.

Oahu: It would be pointless to try to list all the attractions of Oahu in a few sentences, especially since this has been done in a myriad of guidebooks already.

However, in summary, what we find most worthwhile, in addition to the hiking trails mentioned later, is as follows; For snorkelling and diving Hanama Bay; surfing beaches Sunset, Makaha, Yokohama, and Makapuu (the latter for bodysurfing); ethnic flavor Chinatown on Maunakea Street; atmosphere of old Hawaii and the Monarchy period Bishop Museum, lolani Palace, and the Queen Emma Summer Palace.

The extinct craters of Diamond Head and Punchbowl offer fine panoramas of the city, in addition to being famous landmarks in themselves.

There are many beautiful nature trails that enable one to be entirely alone even on such a crowded place as Oahu. Some worth mentioning are those near Laie, location of the Polynesian Cultural Center and Mormon Temple, which lead into the Koolau Range and either stop at pools and waterfalls, or eventually join the ridge trail that follows the spine of the Koolau Range right down to and past Honolulu.

The Maakua Gulch trail follows an extremely narrow, winding gulch with steep, almost perpendicular walls, until it reaches three little pools and falls, the highest of which can be reached by climbing a rope from the middle one.

The pools are just big enough for a couple of swim strokes.

Sacred Falls is another terminus of a trail frequented by far more people, but even so there are numerous wild fruits such as mountain apples to be found along this trail in the right seasons. From the suburbs of Honolulu begins the Manoa Falls trail, which passes through a bamboo grove. Another interesting walk, or rather climb, is to follow the 3000 or so steps up the steep windward side of the Koolaus to an old wartime communications station. The stairs were built by the army after the Pearl Harbor attack, as access to a part of a worldwide Allied radio network. This is one of the lesser known trails, as it is not featured in any hiking books.

Also interesting are the Keaiwa heiau and medicinal herb garden where offerings of poi, breadfruit and stones wrapped in ti-leaves can be found. Moanalua Valley displays petrolyphs on a solitary huge rock a short walk from the road.

In recent years there have been some rather nasty accidents in which lives were lost when hikers, intentionally or otherwise, stumbled on guarded or boobytrapped pakalolo patches (local Hawaiian word for marijuana) in “off-trail” areas of the mountains. Consequently, camping in or hiking to remote areas is no longer as safe as it used to be.

The little island of Mokolii, or Chinamans Hat, a conical top in Kaneohe Bay, can be reached by wading over at low tide, or paddling over on a surfboard.

The island has a tiny sand beach, a stone monolith said to represent an ancient fishing god, and a few coconut palms. Another island off Oahu that can be reached by a short swim is Mokuauia, a bird refuge opposite Laie. 67 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY OCTOBER, 1982 TRAVEL

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Trade Winds

WILLIAM GASSON reports from Wellington on exciting new work being carried out in New Zealand by fisheries scientists. Their aim: to produce a new breed of oyster by crossing New Zealand’s rock oyster with the internationally known Pacific oyster.

Are NZ scientists on brink of the great oyster breakthrough?

Oyster connoisseurs may be in for a great treat in a few years time a new breed of oyster that combines the unique flavor of New Zealand’s rock oyster with the size of the internationally known Pacific oyster.

The genius who has brought about this mouth-watering possibility is fisheries scientist Dr P. (Mani) Dinamani. He heads the aquaculture group of the Fisheries Research Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries at Mahanga Bay hatchery in Wellington.

Dr Dinamani and his Auckland technician Rob Swindlehurst have succeeded where scientists around the world have failed in crossing mature rock and Pacific oysters.

The result produced larvae which settled down happily as baby oysters, called spat, on empty scallop shells in sea waterfilled tanks at the hatchery.

In the early stages of the breeding experiment the spat looked like black specks of mould on the scallop shells.

They gave absolutely no hint of their gastronomic potential as they developed into an as yet unnamed species of oyster.

We suggest they be called the “Mani oyster” in recognition of their foster father Dr Dinamani Mani to all his colleagues who helped to bring them into the world.

This world “first” for the Mahanga Bay hatchery staff in mating the two species successfully reflects the highly technical skills they have developed in recent years. This fortunately coincides with the growing economic importance of New Zealand’s fisheries resources.

The hatchery plans similar larvae rearing and breeding experiments with paua (abalone) to help develop that industry.

Meanwhile Dr Dinamani points out that the oyster experiments are only the first step in a long journey. The next step will be to rear these spat to full size and to determine whether they have become what he calls sexually ripe.

If they do, they can then be used as stock for a series of breeding experiments to bring out the best characteristics of both species.

He hopes to establish some pure lines which can be interbred to develop hybrids exhibiting hybrid vigor.

The whole process is much the same as a horticulturalist developing a hybrid plant that contains the best qualities of its parents. But, like all breeding experiments, it takes time.

“It may be a few years from now before the results can be properly assessed,” said Dr Dinamani, who is not as impatient as an oyster gourmet to taste the new breed because he never eats oysters.

He is of course a specialist in oysters and he came to New Zealand some 14 years ago from India when the government called for scientists to work on oyster-breeding oysters. The commercial implications are considerable for New Zealand if the scientists can develop a breed that will: 1. Combine the unique flavor and keeping qualities of the small rock oysters that take three years to reach market size, with 2. The large, high meat yield of the quick-growing Pacific oyster which takes only 15 to 18 months to reach market size.

Although the Pacific oyster is grown worldwide, to New Zealanders and Australians who value their identical Sydney rock oyster the taste is bland and the keeping qualities of the shellfish limited.

The rock oyster needs no processing whatsoever and can be marketed fresh to any part of the world. It can stay fresh in its shell for two to three weeks. The Pacific oyster lasts only two to three days.

The Pacific oyster is an illegal immigrant. It is thought to have arrived on the hulls of ships some 10 years ago and has since spread like wildfire throughout harbors in the North Island of New Zealand.

Now it has spread to the Tasman and Golden Bay areas at the top of the South Island, where some fishermen worry that it might affect the large local scallop beds. Its spread has been so phenomenal that it is now endangering the rock oyster, says Dr Dinamani, who added “so we must tame it”.

He said the reason why New Zealand succeeded in crossing the two oysters when other countries like Japan and the United States had failed was because the Pacific oyster had arrived here naturally, it had grown alongside the rock oyster for the past 10 years, and their breeding periods overlapped.

“Farmers suspected for years that the two were crossing but we Dr Dinamani, the foster father of the new species of oyster, with some of the parents - rock oyster mothers on the left and Pacific oyster fathers on the right. 69 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY OCTOBER. 1982

Preliminary Auction Notice!

Australia’S Largest Mining Auction

Mary Kathleen Uranium Mine I mKu

Mining And Processing Plant And Support Facilities

Total 12 Auction Sales Total

CLEARANCE

Through 6 Days

CLEARANCE By Public Auction on Site, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16 & 17 APRIL, 1983 Under Instructions From

Mary Kathleen Uranium Limited

Mary Kathleen, 4827, Old, Australia Hardrock crushing plant (450-660 tonnes/hr approx.) Screening + ore sorting incl. 2 RTZ model Ml 7 and 5 model M 6 radiometric sorters 2800 tonnes/day milling, grinding, wet separation, tanks, pumps and ancillaries Sulphuric acid plant (175 tonnes/day @ 98.5%) 7 megawatt power house 9 diesels + 1 steam turbine Heavy earthmoving, dump trucks and drilling plant Vehicle fleet incl. over 60 trucks, buses, 4 wd Support facilities in engineering, fabrication, sheet metal, mechanical maintenance, carpentry, electrical and instrument engineering Office, project engineering, geology, surveying and laboratory equipment Bolted portal framed industrial buildings, transportable office + accommodation buildings Peripheral equipment incl. substations (incl. 10 MVA. 66 KV -11 KV, + 250 KVA to 3 MVA), cross country powerlines, transformers, pipelines + pumps, airlines and receivers, bulk fuel tanks and refuelling equip., outbuildings fences, two-way radio systems, etc. utilities and sedans, etc.

VHS VIDEO FILM: Now available for auction buyers Specially produced film showing Mine and Plant in full operation.

Phone or write now for further details, brochure and/or video film (nominal charge $30.00) Fbvvles Overett Group.

Auctioneers to Mining and Industry throughout Australasia.

Members: FOWLES PURDY PTY. LTD. ALEX OVERETT PTY. LTD. 21-29 BAY STREET 99 LEICHHARDT STREET PORT MELBOURNE, 3207 VIC., AUSTRALIA BRISBANE, 4000 OLD., AUSTRALIA Tel.: (03) 643951 Postal: P.O. BOX 287, SPRING HILL, 4000 OLD., AUSTRALIA Tel.: (07) 221 3577 70 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

TOOSS Bearing us in mind will save you a Int nf trnuble when it comes to those hard to get bearings and associated products you can rely on our expertise IMPORT EXPORT enquiries to Head Office Rf ABIfiA 113 MITCHELL STREET, BENDIGO, »CIII/I\IW VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA.

DCARinGI TELEX N 0 35105 (AUST) PTY. LTD. ' with branches in SUVA, SYDNEY, BALLARAT, MILDURA and SHEPPARTON said that was impossible,” said Dr Dinamani.

Eventually the scientists became suspicious and they began their own experiment in 1978. In January this year they induced the two species to spawn at their hatchery so that the Pacific oyster sperm fertilised the rock oyster eggs.

The result is that the majority of hybrid larvae have typical rock oyster features and shape, a few show Pacific oyster features, and some the shell characteristics of both parents.

As for their flavor we’ll just have to wait and see!

Researchers in the US and Japan achieved varying results in mating oysters in the 1960 s and ’7os. But the main feature of their work was that their successes were confined to mating species that were closely related in the first place. This is not the case with the New Zealand rock oyster and the Pacific oyster.

“Our success will be of great interest to oyster geneticists and aquaculturists all over the world,” Dr Dinamani said.

Visitors judge Tonga tourism The Tonga Visitors Bureau has published results of a visitors’ survey carried out between August and December last year. As you can’t please all the people all the time, and some people you can never please, the overall impression is a good one. This is what the visitors enjoyed most about Tonga: Friendly people, 31 percent; tours, recreation and Tongan feasts, 15 percent; natural scenery, 10 percent; quiet, relaxed atmosphere, 10 percent; facilities and services, 8 percent; Tongan handcrafts, 7 percent; others (yachting, diving, shopping, etc), 19 percent. Accommodation, services and facilities were said to be excellent by 10 percent; good by 65 percent; average by 8 percent; fair by 7 percent and poor by 10 percent.

Fifteen percent believed that Tonga should “stay the same” when asked for suggestions on how the kingdom could improve its visitors’ facilities. Other suggestions were; better transport services, 11 percent; improve, increase tourist facilities, 10 percent; increase tours and recreational programmes, 10 percent; improve roads, 8 percent; upgrade tour guides, 7 percent; clean beaches and public areas, 8 percent; miscellaneous (availability in main centres of banking, credit cards, reservations and tourist information facilities).

Thirty-one percent had no suggestions.

The report also listed hints from an American tourist wholesaler on how to “lure clients” to the South Pacific Islands: • A lot more inter-line agreements among South Pacific carriers needed; • Generate new business and increase accessibility to many islands rather than to one destination; • South Pacific carriers to work out new agreements with US carriers for lower add-on fares from Eastern US cities to their West Coast gateways. Ironically, such fares have been in existence in the reverse direction, from West Coast eastbound to Europe for many years; • When prices for South Pacific tours are comparable, multi-destination programme outsells the one-destination tour; • Nations and terroritories of the South Pacific should promote the region as a whole. This would achieve greater productivity at reduced cost.

The P & O Line also carried out a survey among Oriana cruise passengers during a series of 11 cruises in the Islands and discovered that 62 percent of them voted for Vanuatu’s Port- Vila as their favorite port. Other places averaged between 14 percent and 18 percent. Suva, which once headed the list, could attract only 18 percent of the votes.

Oriana Captain Malcolm Rushan, according to the Fiji Sun, blamed Suva’s waning popularity on souvenir sellers and taxi drivers pestering the tourists.

Port-Vila, so far, doesn’t have that problem. Nukualofa has the odd peddlar and a few daughters of joy who, in the days before decimal currency came along, suggested a fee of four shillings, probably because Tonga had a four-shilling note!

Pacific coins “discovered”

A leading Sydney firm of numismatists is to include South Pacific coins in one of its new series of coin investment-collection programs.

World Coin Galleries Pty Ltd says the program will centre on the coins of such countries as Fiji and New Zealand.

In a comment, numismatic expert Ed Coutts wrote in the Australian daily. The Australian : “This region has been sadly neglected by Australian buyers, although coin prices have risen strongly . . .

“Until now such issues have gone generally unnoticed by the rest of the world. But collectors and investors now appreciate the relatively small mintage figures and the low prices they are fetching, so these coins have an almost gilt edge for future capital gains.’’

The baby oysters appear like black spots on the scallop shells at the hatchery. 71 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

Trade Winds

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On top of all this, you’ll benefit from our consistent supply, delivery, and sales and service engineering assistance available from Australian Timken and Authorized Timken" Bearing Distributors throughout the Pacific.

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Authorised Timken" Bearing Distributors in the Pacific are: OF Nelson and Co. Ltd,. APIA; Kidd Garrett Ltd., AUCKLAND; Motor Specialties Ltd. .AUCKLAND. ec ' s ' o "^|® n ngs Ud., AUCKLAND; United Enterprises Ltd,, HONIARA; Sunbeam Transport Ltd., LAUTOK,A;, Nelie C® B *™*’

Distributions, PAPEETE; PN G. Bearing Service, PORT MORESBY; Socametra, PORT VILLA; Burns Philp (South Sea) Company ~ SUVA. HOLT 0922ATX PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

New All-Purpose Hand Pump

Pacific Multi-Pump Capable of handling a wide variety of liquids, including petroleum-based products, a wide variety of chemicals, and salt water.

Double-acting lever action capable of pumping one litre per cycle.

Complete with Bft of PVC discharge hose, nozzle, twopiece suction tube and bung adaptor for operation with 44-gallon drums.

■ Pficirc Pump

■ company Pacific Pump Co 2 South Street, Rydalmere, NSW 2116 Tel: (02) 638 5600 Telex; AA24319

Local Agents And

REPRESENTATION 428 George St., Sydney.

Cables: Henco Sydney.

G.P.O. Box 3949.

Telephone: 232 5377.

For specialised and personalised buying service throughout the Pacific Islands and the East.

Resident Agents in other Pacific Territories.

Papua New Guinea

RABAUL M. & C. Seeto, P.O. Box 131, Rabaul.

Telephone 92 2919.

MADANG: W. Double, P.O. Box 22, Madang.

Telephone 82 2696.

FIJI K. Witherington Ltd., P.O. Box 293, Suva.

Telephone 22 356.

VANUATU John Lum & Associates, P.O. Box 65, Santo.

Telephone 329.

Solomon Islands

Mr. Tom Lo, P.O. Box 327, Honiara.

Telephone 399 xpwters YACHTS JANE DeRIDDER reports from Noumea , New Caledonia: • PATINA. Bob White, retired department manager for Union Oil, is fulfilling a promise to his journalist daughter Kathleen by cruising with her in the family Cal 36 Patina. Ten months out of Costa Mesa, California, Patina was at the Cercle Nautique Caledonien (CNC) in Noumea in August. Here Marie White flew in to join the family. “My wife is not a sailor,” Bob explained, “but she meets us along the way.” Their son Bob Junior arrived in Noumea seven years ago on the Cal 28 Passage bringing with him his own wind-surfer the first in New Caledonia. The wind-surfer created such interest he began importing them. Bob Jr met Martha Rossi, married her, started a family and a business, “Wind-Surfing Caledonien”.

Bob Sr sums up Patina s voyage to date; “We’ve moved a little too fast. We should have taken more time in the Marquesas, for instance, where we only stayed 12 days.” Though the Cal 36 was designed by Bill Lapworth for racing, she has proved a fine cruising yacht. Bob added a tank in the keel to give an extra 46 gallons of water plus a little more stability. He had a sailing bimini made to shelter the roomy cockpit from rain and sun. “My best investment yet,” Bob said.

Patina’s longtime crew member, Brian Ettlin, joins the Montrealregistered 13m schooner Belle Poule in Noumea to sail to Brisbane. There Eddie Siefred will be seeking crew for his wooden gaff schooner to continue a westward circumnavigation. • LINDA E. A “Valiant 40” cutter Bob Perry-designed, she was built in Bellingham, Washington. Linda E of New Orleans, has been a cruising home to Dan and Dorothy Wilson for the past five years. Thirty years in diving, Dan began his working life as an abalone diver, eventually operating a small fleet of abalone boats out of Santa Barbara, California. He then got involved in providing supportdiving to exploratory oil drilling rigs worldwide. Wilson sold his company “Sub-Sea Intemational” to BP to go blue-water cruising with his wife Dorothy. Linda E carries a special diving ladder, a compressor, 60m of diving hose with underwater voice communication capability. She is also equipped with an NCS US built SAT NAV and a ham radio.

Dorothy is the licensed radio operator with the Louisiana call sign NSCTJ. When underway the Wilsons tow a propeller water generator which provides 8 amps at 7 knots. • COUNT PHELAX. This yacht, from Waiheke Island, is named for Count Phelax of Luckner, German seafarer, prisoner of war interned on Motohi in the Hauraki Gulf during World War I. She’s a “Hartley 26“ plywood vessel of Auckland registry taking lan Reid, his son Bruce aged nine, and a friend Ron Harding, on a Pacific cruise “to get away from the New Zealand winter.”

They are cruising in company with the New Zealand yacht Mainstay sailed by Larry and Fleur Rayner. Larry and lan went to school together. Count Phelax and Mainstay left Whangamumu together and arrived in Noumea within six hours of each other, having been on the wind all the way. Though they sighted each other only one night, they maintained a radio sked twice a day.

The two New Zealand yachts left Noumea in mid-July bound for Gladstone with plans of cruising the Barrier Reef and the Whitsunday group. • BIG BEAR H. Helmut and Anne Petrak of Vancouver have sailed 3400 km around the north and south Pacific in their schooner-rigged “Down Easter 45”, Big Bear H, with Malaysianborn Canadian, Tony Wong, as permanent member of the ship’s company, and with occasional hitch-hikers as crew. Tony circumnavigated in the late ’sos on the 19m US schooner Utopia.

Big Bear H was launched on Helmut’s 45th birthday. In the hotel/restaurant business since he was 13, Helmut built up his own $25-million hotel-restaurant chain which he sold to go bluewater cruising. Now Big Bear H is heading back from Noumea to Hawaii where the Petraks have a home. “After working 16 hours a day seven days a week for so 73 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY OCTOBER, 1982

WeVe just made the ocean smaller!

Polynesia Line's new MS Polynesia 550-container ship provides regular monthly cargo service between Papeete, Pago Pago and Apia in the South Pacific, and Long Beach and Oakland on the US Pacific Coast.

Polynesia. Line

Interocean Steamship Corporation General Agent Apia Pago Pago 80* vi Hi =t© 3* £ K V Papeete * Serving Polynesia is all we do-and we do it better! much of my life, I’m getting restless and may go back into working life.” Also, Helmut admils to missing his family. The Petraks particularly enjoyed cruising in Western Samoa and in Fiji, though Fanning was perhaps their favorite island.

They grew to love the Gilbertese people. One of Helmut’s dreams is to one day share his knowledge of the hotel business with Pacific Islanders, who are just starting out in the tourist industry. Helmut’s amateur radio call signs are SWIDR and VK4BBH. He reports on the ham bands that the first leg of Big Bear's homeward journey from Noumea to Lautoka was a prolonged slog to weather in reinforced trades of 25 to 40 knots, a severe test for the girls who joined the vessel in Noumea, and for Helmut, who suffers from a painful back problem. • CONTINA. The name means “with bath tub”. And this “Cal 2-46” has an apartmentsized bath, great for Peter and Betty Eastman’s arthritis, though they seldom get a chance to use it these days on account of water availability. Now in Noumea, the Eastmans have been cruising in a leisurely fashion for the past seven years. “We went to Papeete for two and a half weeks and stayed two and a half years!” Betty says the best time they had was after fetching up on a reef in Huahine. They stayed ashore with a Tahitian family while a cable-laying vessel with salvage experts, which just happened to be in the area, saw to the refloating of the 13.7 m motor sailer. Retired general surgeon Dr Peter Eastman, now in his late ’6os, is well known in the cruising community because of his medical guide, Advanced First Aid Afloat, now in its fifth printing. The invaluable book, designed “for those who venture beyond the range of immediate professional assistance”, was written for the Eastmans’son and young wife for their circumnavigation on the 9.5 m sloop Wa.

Young Peter had requested a first aid book that doesn’t say, “Call the doctor immediately.” Dr Eastman obliged. One sentence reads, “. . . drop the amputated extremity into the bucket and chuck it overboard.’’ Now on sale in Australia, Advanced First Aid Afloat is endorsed by the Australian Yachting Federation. (Published in 1972 by the Cornell Maritime Press, Centreville, Maryland.) • PEPINA. German solo yachtsman Kurt Preister, outward bound from Sydney on his 16m steel-hulled ketch Pepina, declared a Mayday and took to his inflatable dinghy off the New South Wales coast one night in early August. His distress call on the 40m ham band was picked up by ham radio operator VK3BKU who summoned Bruce Henderson, VK2DFH, a Sydney amateur active on the Maritime Mobile nets. Mr Henderson said that Kurt was able to give an exact position by reading the coordinates directly off his SAT NAY. He says Preister reported “. . . hitting something. I don’t know what, but it was not a ship.’’ Henderson said that whatever it was, perhaps a semisubmerged container swept off the deck of a container vessel in a storm, it apparently holed the smm steel plate at the bow, for Preister reported Pepina was taking water fast in the foreship; the engine room amidship was flooding, and he could not get the flood of water under control.

Preister’s flares were sighted and he was picked up off Coffs Harbour after 11 hours in his dinghy by the tanker Rosie D.

She was for a refinery south of Perth. Kurt flew to Diisseldorff from Perth. Kurt Preister had been cruising on Pepina for over three years. He’d just spent nearly a year north of the equator cruising in Alaska, British Columbia, California and Hawaii.

Pepina cleared in to Australia in mid-May having come direct from Hawaii with only a short stop in Nukualofa for refuelling.

For his approach to the coast, Preister had jury-rigged an engine fresh water cooling system using a coil of garden hose, and filling the bilge with salt water.

A spin-off from this ingenious improvisation was the loss of his beer supply. The aluminum cans stored in the bilge succumbed to electrolysis and emptied their contents. “And Germans must have their beer!’’ Kurt says. 74 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982 YACHTS

Designed With Micronesia

IN MIND Micronesian Commerce.

Micronesian Independence.

These sister ships are the first of their kind. They were designed and built for the primary purpose of serving all Micronesian ports. These large container vessels will bring a new level of “Independence” to local “Commerce” throughout the island communities of Micronesia. PM&O LINES - ’I s 5*

Pacific Islands

Transport Line

M.V. SIRIUS EXPRESS CONTAINER •REEFER SERVICE between U.S.

West Coast ports and TAHITISAMOA XOt Qeqeral Steamship General Agents 400 California Street, San Francisco, CA, USA PAPEETE: Agence Maritime Internationale, Tahiti PAGO PAGO: Polynesia Shipping Services. Inc.

APIA: Burns Philp (South Sea) Company, Ltd.

Shipping Schedules

SHIPPING Should any shipping company wish to have its services cargo and passenger included in these listing they should contact PIM.

Australia - Fiji

Karlander (Aust) Pty. Ltd. operates monthly cargo services from Sydney to Suva and Lautoka.

Details from Karlander (Aust) Pty.

Ltd., 19-31 Pitt Street, Sydney (232- 1011), Dalgety Shipping, 460 Bourke Street, Melbourne (616-6700). Burns Philp (SS) Co. Ltd., Suva and Lautoka.

Sofrana-Unilines (Fiji Express Line) operates to Suva and Lautoka every two weeks from the main ports on the east coast of Australia and monthly to Lautoka from Melbourne and Sydney.

Details from Sofrana-Unilines, 19 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-9851), Trans- Austral Shipping Pty. Ltd. 570 Bourke Street, Melbourne (67-9162); ACTA Pty. Ltd., Brisbane (221-3116); Elders- ANL Pty. Ltd., Port Adelaide (47-5688): ANL Newcastle (049-24364); Clements and Marshall, Burnie, Tasmania (31-1833), Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thomson St, Suva, Fiji (312 244), Tlx 2199 FJ.

Australia - Samoas - Tonga

Warner Pacific Lines operates a regular cargo service from Sydney to Nukualofa, Pago Pago, Apia and Vavau.

Details from Hetherington Wesfarmers Shipping Agency, 37-49 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-1671).

AUSTRALIA - NEW CALEDONIA -

Fiji - Samoas - Tonga

Pacific Forum Line operates a fully containerised service (general, reefer and ro-ro) from Sydney to Noumea, Lautoka, Suva, Apia, Pago Pago, Nukualofa, Sydney. Cargo centralised from Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane.

Details from Pacific Forum Line, Sydney: Union Bulkships, Sydney, Brisband and Melbourne; SATO, Noumea: Union Company, Lautoka, Suva and Nukualofa; Pacific Forum Line, Apia.

Australia - Lord Howe Is ■

Norfolk Is

Compagnie des Chargeurs Caledoniens operates four-weekly cargo service Sydney - Lord Howe Island and Norfolk island.

Details: Hetherington Wesfarmers Shipping Agency, 37-49 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-1671).

Australia - Kiribati

Karlander operates a 5/6 weekly service from Melbourne and Sydney to Kiribati (Tarawa). Details: Karlander (Aust) Pty. Ltd., 19-31 Pitt Street, Sydney (232-1011).

Australia -Nauru - Kiribati

Nauru Pacific Line operates regular cargo/passenger service from Melbourne to Nauru and Tarawa.

Details: Nauru Corporation (Vic.) Inc. (Shipping Division), Nauru House, 80 Collins Street, Melbourne (653-5709).

Nedlloyd Swire, 8 Spring Street, Sydney (2-0522).

Australia - New Caledonia

(And/Or) Vanuatu

Sofrana-Unilines ships serve Noumea every two weeks from the main ports along the east Australian coast.

Details from Sofrana-Unilines, 19 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-9851), Trans- Austral Shipping Pty. Ltd. 570 Bourke Street, Melbourne (67-9162), ACTA Pty. Ltd., Brisbane (221-3116), Elders- ANL Pty. Ltd., Port Adelaide (47-5688), ANL, Newcastle (049-24364), Clements & Marshall, Burnie, Tasmania (31-1833).

Compagnie des Chargeurs Caledoniens operates a three-weekly containerised cargo service from Sydney to Noumea.

Details Hetherington Wesfarmers Shipping Agency, 37-49 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-1671).

Compagnie Generale Maritime operates a monthly service from Sydney to Noumea, Port Vila and Santo, for containerised and break bulk cargo.

Details Compagnie Generale Maritime, 12 Castlereagh Street, Sydney (231-3700).

AUSTRALIA - NZ - FIJI -

Hawaii - Us

P & O liners call at Auckland, Suva, Pago Pago and Honolulu on eastbound and westbound voyages between Sydney and the US.

Details from P & O Booking Centre, World Travel Headquarters Pty. Ltd. 33 Bligh Street, Sydney (231-6655).

AUSTRALIA - NZ - FIJI - TONGA - VANUATU - NEW CALEDONIA -

Solomons - Samoas - New

GUINEA Sitmar Cruises operated a yearround cruise programme to include most of the above countries.

Details from Sitmar Cruises, 47 Elizabeth Street, Sydney (232-7511).

Australia - Nz - Fiji - Tonga

VANUATU ■ NEW CALEDONIA -

Solomons - Samoas - Tahiti

P & O liners call at Auckland, Bay of Islands, Honiara, Lautoka, Noumea, Nukualofa, Pago Pago, Papeete, Port Moresby, Santo, Savusavu, Suva, Vavau and Vila on cruises from Australia.

Details from P & O Booking Centre, World Travel Headquarters Pty. Ltd., 33 Bligh Street, Sydney (231-6655).

AUSTRALIA - NZ - SOLOMONS - PNG Pacific Forum Line operates containerized and general cargo service from Lyttleton, Napier and Auckland to Honiara, Lae, Port Moresby, Brisbane.

Details from Pacific Forum Line, Auckland: Steamships Shipping, Port Moresby; Sullivans Ltd., Honiara.

AUSTRALIA - NEW ZEALAND -

Pacific Islands - South East

Asia - China

Minghua Cruises operates cruise services from Sydney to Hawaii, Tahiti and most Pacific ports, with several cruises to South East Asia, including Japan, the Philippines, Singapore, Hongkong and China.

Details Minghua Cruises, 7 Bridge Street, Sydney, NSW 2000 (2-0547), Burns Philp Travel offices in Melbourne (62-0151), Brisbane (31-0391), Darwin (81-2871), Auckland NZ (31544); National Bank Travel in Adelaide (212- 7347) and Perth (320-9365).

Australia - Micronesia

Nauru Pacific Line operates a regular container service from Melbourne to Majuro, Kosrae, Ponape, Truk, Guam and Saipan. Details Nauru Corporation (Vic.) Inc. (Shipping Division), Nauru House, 80 Collins Street, Melbourne, (653-5709), Nedlloyd Swire, 8 Spring Street, Sydney (2-0522).

Australia ■ Tuvalu

Karlander operates a three monthly service from Sydney and Melbourne to Tuvalu (Funafuti).

Details from Karlander (Aust.) Pty.

Ltd., 19-31 Pitt Street, Sydney (232- 1011).

Australia - Png

Karlander New Guinea Line’s cargo vessels call at Melbourne, Sydney, Port Moresby, Lae, Madang, Wewak, Manus, Kimbe, Rabaul, Popondetta.

Details from Karlander (Aust.) Pty.

Ltd., 19-31 Pitt Street, Sydney (232- 1011), Dalgety Shipping, 460 Bourke Street, Melbourne (616-6700).

Australia - Png - Solomons

A consortium of Conpac, NGAL/PNGL have three container vessels operating on a 28 day turn-around from Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane to Port Moresby, Lae, Rabaul, Kavieng, Wewak, Madang, Kieta and Honiara.

Details from Burns, Philp & Co. Ltd. 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (2-0547) and Interocean Swire, 8 Spring Street, Sydney (2-0522).

New Guinea Express Lines operates a fortnightly container service from Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane to Port Moresby, Lae, Alotau, Kimbe, Rabaul, Kiuta, Honiara.

Details from New Guinea Express Lines, PO Box R 73, Royal Exchange, Sydney (241 -3991); McArthur Shipping Agency Co., 39 Creek Street, Brisbane (229-3777); New Guinea Express Lines, 327 Collins Street, Melbourne (61-3053); Niugini Express Lines, Port Moresby (21-4572); Lae (42-1536); Rabtrad Niugini Pty. Ltd., Rabaul (92- 2911) and Kieta (95-6185); Alotau Stevedoring & Transport, Alotau (61- 1318); Ngatia Wholesalers Pty. Ltd., Kimbe (93-5102); and island Cooperative Shipping Federation, Honiara 175.

Sofrana-Unilines (PNG Line) operates a monthly service to Port Moresby, Lae, Rabaul, Kieta, Honiara from main ports on the east coast of Australia.

Details from Sofrana-Unilines, 19 Pitt Street, Sydney (27-9851); Trans- Austral Shipping Pty. Ltd., 570 Bourke Street, Melbourne (67-9162); ACTA Pty. Ltd., Brisbane (221-3116); Elders ANL Pty. Ltd., Port Adelaide (47-5688).

Australia - Tahiti

Compagnie Generate Maritime operates a monthly service from Sydney to Papeete for containerised and breakbulk cargo.

Details Compagnie Generale Maritime, 12 Castlereagh Street, Sydney (231-3700).

Australia - Tahiti - Us

Karlander operates a monthly cargo service from Melbourne and Sydney to Papeete, US west coast.

Details: Karlander (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., 19-31 Pitt Street, Sydney (232-1011).

Far East - Fiji - New

ZEALAND New Zealand Unit Express (NZUE) operates a monthly palletised cargo service from Manila, Keelung, Kaoshiung and Hongkong to Lautoka, Suva and thence to NZ.

Details from Carpenters Shipping 100 Thompson Street, Suva (312-244) Tlx FJ2199, Burns Philp, Suva (311- 777) P & O S.N. Co. Wellington (736- 477) or Nedlloyd Swire Pty. Ltd., Sydney (20-522).

Nedlloyd operates bi-weekly cargo service with four ships from Sourabaya, Jakarta, Bangkok, Port Kelang and Singapore to Suva and NZ ports.

Details from Nedlloyd (Aust.) Pty.

Ltd., 8 Spring St., Sydney (27-3801), Burns Philp (SS) Co. Ltd., Suva and Lautoka. 76 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

More Ports/More Often

with KARLANDER NEW GUINEA LINE: Serving; Pt. Moresby, Lae, Madang, Rabaul, Wewak, Manus Is., Popondetta, Kimbe.

KARLANDER KANGAROO LINE: Serving; Los Angeles, San Francisco, Auckland, Melbourne, Suva, Lautoka, Tahiti, Tarawa, Funafuti.

Managing Agents

Karlander (Australia) Pty. Limited

19 - 31 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Phone: 232 1011. Tlx: AA22143 General Agents Brisbane: Dalgety Shipping Melbourne: Dalgety Shipping Port Moresby: Robt. Laune (N.G.) P/L Popondetta: Musa Agencies Lae: Robt. Laune (N.G.) P/L Madang: Robt. Laune (N.G.) P/L Wewak: Garamut Enterprises Manus Is: R & V. Khight Kimbe: Harrison & Crossfield Rabaul: Robt. Laune (N.G.) P/L Tarawa: Shipping Corporation Funafuti: Co-operative Wholesale Society Fiji; Burns Philp San Francisco: Norton Lilly Los Angeles: Norton Lilly Papeete; Sotama LAE KIUNGA PORT MORESBY

Dillingham Australia

iii** A LOT A U

Mason Shipping

Owners and Operators of Specialised Landing Craft for Charter Stevedores and Agents f Regular monthly services to Port Moresby, Alotau and Lae from Cairns North Queensland. Mixed cargos accepted, general, freezer, cooler, bulk fuel. Please contact us or our Agents for your shipping needs. / Service commencing mid-March 1982.

Agents - P.N.G.

PORT / MORESBY P.O. Box 10 Phone: 212466 Tlx: Carship 22182 / CAIRNS Maaon Shipping Co. 26A Abbott Straat.

Phona: (0701 516933 Tlx; 48405 P.O. Box 840 Robert Laurie PNG.

LAE P.O. Box 1032 Phona: 423811 Tlx: Carship 42508 CAIRNS BRISBANE John Burka Shipping P.O. Box 509 Phona: (07) 521701 Tlx: 40483 TOWNSVILLE

Far East - Mid-S. Pacific

China Navigation’s New Guinea Pacific Line operates a regular container service from Hongkong, Taiwan, Manila, Port Kelang and Singapore to Port Moresby, Lae, Rabaul and Honiara monthly and to Wewak, Madang and Kieta every three months. Cargo from the same Far Eastern ports to the South Pacific ports of Noumea, Santo, Vila, Papeete, Pago Pago, Apia, Rarotonga and Tarawa will be shipped via Japan on the monthly Bali Hai service.

Details from Steamships Trading Co., Ltd., P.O. Box 1, Port Moresby (22-0222).

Kyowa Shipping Ltd., operates monthly services from Japan to Guam, Saipan, Solomons, New Caledonia, Fiji, Western and American Samoa, Tahiti, Cook Is., Tonga and Vanuatu.

Details: Hetherington Wesfarmers Shipping Agency, 37-49 Pitt Street, Sydney, (27-1671); Carpenters Shipping, Suva (312-244), Tlx FJ2199.

Japan - Fiji - New Zealand

Kyowa Shipping Co. Ltd., operates a monthly service from main ports of Japan to Suva and Lautoka and thence to island ports and NZ.

Details from Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thompson St., Suva (312-244), Tlx FJ2199.

Japan - Fiji - Island Ports

Bali Hai service operates a monthly service from main ports of Japan to Suva and Lautoka and thence to island ports.

Details from Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thompson St., Suva (312-244), Tlx FJ2199 and Burns Philp, Suva (311-777).

Japan - Micronesia

The NYK Shipping Line operates a monthly cargo service from Japan to Micronesia, calling at Yoko, Nagoya, Kobe, Guam, Saipan, Truk, Ponape and Majuro, returning via Yoko, Nagoya and Kobe.

Details from Burns, Philp & Co. Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (2-0547).

Japan - Png

Mitsui O.S.K. Lines operates a monthly service from main ports Japan and Port Moresby, Rabaul, Lae, Madang, Kieta and Kimbe.

Details from Robert-Laurie (PNG) Pty. Ltd., Port Moresby (21-2466/21- 1898).

New Caledonia - Fiji - West

Coast North America

PAD Line operates an approx. 3weekly ro-ro service with Noumea and Suva to Honolulu and West Coast USA and Canadian ports.

Details from Sofrana-Unilines SA, BP 1602, Noumea (27-51-91), Tlx NMO4B; Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thompson St., Suva (312-244), Tlx FJ2199.

Png - Inter - Mainport

Papua New Guinea Line offers scheduled 10/20-day coastal liner services linking all PNG major ports with containerisation, reefer, heavy lift and transhipment facilities.

Details from PNG Line, Box 543, Port Moresby, PNG, (21-1174), Tlx 22269.

Png - Uk/Continent

The Bank Line operates regular cargo service from Port Moresby, Oro Bay, Kieta, Rabaul, Kimbe, Madang and Lae to Hull, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Le Havre.

Details from The Bank Line (A’asia) Pty. Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (27- 2041); Burns Philp (PNG) Ltd. PNG ports.

Solomons - Uk/Continent

The Bank Line operates regular cargo service from Honiara to Hull, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Le Havre.

Details from The Bank Line (A’asia) Pty. Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (27- 2041); Tradco Shipping (588).

NZ - COOK IS. - NIUE - TAHITI Shipping Corporation of NZ Ltd. operates cargo services based on pallets and similar units from Auckland to Niue, Cook Islands and Tahiti.

Details from the Shipping Corp of NZ Ltd., PO Box 3420, Auckland (797- 210). Waterfront Commission, PO Box 61, Raratonga; Cook Islands; Niue Govt. Offices, Niue Island Compagnie Maritime Polynesienne, BP 368, Papeete, Tahiti.

NZ - FIJI Reef operates a regular 18-day service from Auckland to Suva and Lautoka.

Details from Reef Shipping Agencies, PO Box 3382, Auckland, NZ (77- 1221-3); M.V. Fijian Shipping Agencies Ltd., Private Bag, Suva, Fiji (31-1056).

Pacific Line with one ship operates fortnightly ro-ro cargo service New Zealand, Lautoka, Suva.

Details: Sofrana Unilines, 18 Customs Street, Auckland (773-279) PO Box 3614, Telex: NZ2313; Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thomson Street, Suva (312-244), Tlx. 2199 FJ.

Nz - Fiji - North America (Wc)

Blue Star Line Ltd. Pacific Coast container services. Only direct service to and from New Zealand. Blue Star vessels call at Suva and Honolulu on NZ-US-West Coast voyages.

Details from Blueport ACT (NZ) Ltd., PO Box 192, Wellington (739-029).

Burns Philp (SS) Co. Ltd., GPO Box 355, Suva, Fiji (311-777). Tlx. FJ2168 Burship.

Nz - Fiji - Samoas - Tonga

Pacific Forum Line operates a fully containerised three-weekly service (Gen/Reefer) from Auckland to Lautoka, Suva, Apia, Pago Pago and Nukualofa.

Details from Pacific Forum Line, Auckland: Union Co. Auckland, Lautoka, Suva and Nukualofa; Pacific Forum Line, Apia.

NZ - N. CALEDONIA - VANUATU -

Png - Solomons

Sofrana Unilines with three ships operates to Vila and Santo, to Honiara and Papua New Guinea and to Norfolk Island and Noumea.

Details from Sofrana Unilines, 18 Customs Street, Auckland (773-279), PO Box 3614, Tlx. NZ2313.

Nz - Tahiti

Compagnie Tahitienne Maritime SA (as CTM-Tahiti Line) operates one ship, MV Bounty 111, monthly Papeete New Zealand.

Details from Sofrana Unilines, PO Box 3614, 18 Customs St., Auckland Tlx NZ2313; Agence Maritime Cowan, PO Box 9012, Papeete (39042), Tlx Tahitlin 322 FP Tahiti.

Nz Tonga Samoas

Warner Pacific Line services Auckland, Nukualofa, Vavau, Apia, Pago Pago fortnightly carrying general and freezer cargoes.

Details from McKay Shipping Ltd., Downtown House, 21 Queen St., Auckland, PO Box 1372 (30-299). Cables MACSHIP, Telex NZ2554, Warner Pacific Line, Box 93, Nukualofa, Ton- 77 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY OCTOBER, 1982

Komatsu flakes a Difference Sf..„ I St u m 1 ■SSfcs In critical areas like reliability and performance, Komatsu products and systems are making a significant difference at mining and construction sites around the world.

In the USA, for example, Komatsu’s largest and most powerful work machine the D455A bulldozer is establishing a superior record of reliability and productivity at mining sites that virtually no other machine in its class can match.

And in another critical area, technology, Komatsu is also making a difference in responding to market demands for improved product quality, and for new and original product innovations.

Consider our new computerized seabed robot system: Operating on the ocean floor, it can relay TV pictures of the seabed to a mother ship, or perform man-like boring, drilling and piling operations down to planned depths of 500 meters * Discover the Komatsu difference above sea level, or down to depths of 500 meters. Komatsu a name you can build on. •H KOMATSU LTD.

Tokyo, Japan Komatsu offices: Tokyo, Sydney, Singapore, Jakarta, Manila, Bangkok, Bangalore, Karachi, Beijing, Istanbul, Cairo, Alger, Dubai, Tehran, Baghdad, Jeddah, Riyadh, Damman, Nairobi, Abidjan, Lagos, Johannesburg, Moscow, Warsaw, Brussels, Paris, Madrid, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, London, Habana, Buenos Aires, Panama, Caracas, Sao Paulo, Bogota, Mexico City, San Francisco, Oakland, Philadelphia, Detroit, Dallas, Atlanta, Chicago, Toronto, Vancouver, and distributors in over 100 countries around the world. vJL t

>-A J Only our Dragon Boat visits more ports, more often, in the South Pacific.

The New Guinea Pacific Line offers the quality handling you're used to, through its exclusive containerised service to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.

Rely on us all the way. • Fast transit times to all ports. • A guaranteed schedule every 30 days, thanks to berths in Papua New Guinea and Honiara reserved for N.G.P.L. use. • Safe, secure transport of goods in containers, both L.C.L., and F.C.L. no more damage or pilferage of cargo. • A wide coverage of all ports with the monthly container service from Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia and Bangkok to all Papua New Guinea ports and Honiara.

For further details on our reliable Dragon Boat service contact:

Papua New Guinea

Steamship Trading Co., Ltd.

Port Moresby Telephone: 212000

New Guinea

Pacific Une

HONG KONG Swire Shipping (Agencies) Ltd.

Telephone: 5-264311 SINGAPORE o Straits Shipping Pte. Ltd.

Telephone: 436071 ga; Mealelei (Western Samoa) Ltd.

Box 4171, Apia, Western Samoa, Kneubuhl Maritime Services, Box 39, Pago Pago, American Samoa, 96799.

Nz - New Caledonia

Central Pacific Line operates a monthly cargo service from Auckland, Lyttleton, Napier and Mt Maunganui to Noumea.

Details from McKay Shipping Ltd., PO Box 1372, Auckland (9-30229); Tlx 2554 NZ.

EUROPE - TAHITI -

New Caledonia

Compagnie Generale Maritime operates services from Europe and Mediterranean ports to Papeete and Noumea using three ro-ro and multipurpose vessels thus ensuring a bimonthly sailing to and from.

Details Compagnie Generale Maritime, 12 Castlereagh Street, Sydney (231-3700).

Europe - Tahiti - New

CALEDONIA - NEW ZEALAND -

Solomons - Png - Europe

Polish Ocean Lines offers regular, monthly sailings for containerised and breakbulk cargo from Hamburg, Antwerp, Dunkirk and Rouen to Papeete, Noumea, New Zealand, Honiara, Lae, returning to Europe via Suez. Other ports in the South Pacific can be served with inducement.

Details from Sotama, BP 9170, Papeete (27805), Tlx. 296; SATO, BP C 2, Noumea (272094), Tlx. 163 NM SATO; Union Steamship Co of NZ, PO Box 50, Apia, Tlx. 25; Williams and Gosling, PO Box 79, Suva (312633), Tlx. 2163; Warner Pacific Line, PO Box 93, Nukualofa (21089), Tlx. 66219; Universal Shipping Agencies, PO Box 2282, Auckland (30930), Tlx. 21517.

EUROPE - TAHITI - W. SAMOA-

Fiji - N. Caledonia

Nedlloyd offers regular cargo services from Northern Europe and U.K. to Papeete, Apia, Fiji and New Saledonia.

Details Nedlloyd (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., 8 Spring Street, Sydney (27-3801); Car- Denters Shipping, 100 Thomson St., Suva (312-244), Tlx. 2199 FJ.

EUROPE - TAHITI - W. SAMOA - FONGA - FIJI - SOLOMONS - PNG - VANUATU Columbus Line Reederei GMBH operates regular services from Hamburg, Hull, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Dunkirk, Le Havre, to Papeete, Apia, Suva, Lauto- <a, Noumea, Port Moresby, Lae, Honara, Kieta, Rabaul, Lae, and return to Europe.

Details from Columbus Overseas Services Pty. Ltd., 333 George Street, Sydney (290-2966). Columbus Maritime Services, 17 Albert Street, Vuckland (77-3460); Carpenters Ship- )ing, 100 Thompson St., Suva (312- >24), Tlx. 2199 FJ.

Uk - N. Continent - Fiji

The Bank Line operates a regular :argo service from Hull, Hamburg, Brenen, Antwerp, Rotterdam and Le Havre to Suva and Lautoka.

Details from The Bank Line (A’sia) *ty- Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (27- >041); Burns Philp (South Sea) Co. .td., Suva and Lautoka.

UK/N. CONTINENT - PNG - SOLOMONS The Bank Line operates a regular :argo service from Hull, Hamburg, Brenen, Antwerp, Rotterdam and Le Havre to Port Moresby, Lae, Madang, Cimbe, Rabaul, Kieta and Honiara and )n inducement to Yandina.

Details from The Bank Line (A’sia) > ty. Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (27- 2041); Burns Philp (PNG) Ltd. PNG ports; Tradco Shipping (588).

UK/N. CONTINENT - TAHITI - N. CALEDONIA The Bank Line operates a regular cargo service from Hull, Hamburg. Bremen, Antwerp, Rotterdam and Le Havre to Papeete and Noumea.

Details from The Bank Line (A’asia) Pty. Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (27- 2041); Ets A M Fare UTE, Papeete; Ets. Ballande, Noumea.

Us Fiji Tahiti Nz

AUSTRALIA The Bank Savill Line Ltd. operates regular cargo services from U.S. Gulf ports to Australia and N.Z. Calls at Suva, Lautoka and Papeete on demand.

Details from The Bank and Savill Line Ltd., 51 Pitt Street, Sydney (27- 2041) or Orient Shipping Services, 32 Bridge Street, Sydney (241-2753).

U.S. - HAWAII - KIRIBATI - MICRONESIA Philippines, Micronesia & Orient Navigation Co. (PM&O Lines) operates regular container service on selfsustained ship with ro-ro capabilities from Oakland, Portland and Honolulu to Tarawa, Ebeye, Majuro, Kosrae.

Ponape, Truk, Saipan, Yap and Koror.

Details for Micronesia can be obtained from Larry Guerrero, PM&O Owners Rep. PO Box 803, Saipan, Ml 96950, Cable COMMONTIME, Tix 783605; PM&O: PM&O Lines, 181 Fremont St., San Francisco, California 94-105, Cable PMONAV.

US - HAWAII - NAURU - MICRONESIA Nauru Pacific Line operates regular conventional container and passenger service from San Francisco and Hololulu to Majuro, Ponape, Truk and Saipan. Cargo is accepted for Nauru and Kosrai with transhipment at Majuro and Ponape.

Details from Nauru Corporation (Vic.) inc. (Shipping Division), Nauru House, 80 Collins Street, Melbourne (653-5709); North American Maritime Agencies, 100 California St., San Francisco, California 9411.

Hawaii - Tahiti - Samoas

Marshall Islands Maritime Co operates a service every 32 days between Honolulu, Papeete, Pago Pago and Apia.

Details from the Maritime Co. of the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii, Morris Hedstrom, Apia, Western Samoa and the Marshall Islands Maritime Co., Majuro, Marshall Islands.

Us - Noumea - Fiji

PAD Line operates an approx. 3weekly ro-ro service from West coast USA and Canada to Noumea and Suva.

Details from Sofrana-Unilines SA, BP 1602, Moumea (27-51-91), Tlx NMO4B; Carpenters Shipping, 100 Thompson St., Suva (31-2244), Tlx FJ2199; Trans-Austral Shipping, Box R 232 PO, Royal Exchange, NSW (27- 2441), Tlx AA21204.

Us - Tahiti - Samoa

Pacific Islands Transport operates a five weekly cargo service from North America west coast ports to Papeete, Pago, Pago, Apia.

Details from Polynesia Shipping Services Inc. PO Box 1478, Pago Pago 96799.

Polynesia Line operates container and general cargo service from US west coast ports to Papeete and Pago Pago.

Details from Polynesia Shipping Services Inc., PO Box 1478, Pago Pago 96799. 79 3 ACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER 1982

Shipping Schedules

Global Service For Shippers

y W LINE THE 28 Day Service United Kingdom and Continent to:

Papeete • Noumea

Papua New Guinea And Solomon Islands

Port Vila & Santo By Transhipment

United Kingdom and Continent to:

Suva And Lautoka (Fcl Lcl & Unitised Only)

■X - Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands to:

United Kingdom And Continent

For particulars apply: THE BANK LINE (AUSTRALASIA) PTY. LTD.

Suite 801, 51 Pitt Street, Sydney 2000. Australia. Tel: 272041. Tlx: 24063. 80

Pacific Islands Monthly —October, 198

THE FACTS WITHOUT FRILLS The trends in a few words. The significant news.

Mailed direct to you every second Friday.

The South Seas Digest is designed for busy people who have to know what's happening in the Pacific Islands, but in a hurry.

FOR SUBSCRIPTION DETAILS SEE INSERT.

P The South Sea Digest THE NEWSLETTER ON ISLANDS AFFAIRS • EVERY OTHER FRIDAY is DEATHS of Islands People Sevese Morea At Vabukori, near Port Moresby, in August, of a heart attack, aged 38.

A former Speaker of Papua New Guinea’s National Parliament, Mr Morea lost his seat in the country’s June national elections. On the day before his death he had lodged a court appeal against his defeat.

Despite the high position he held in the protocol of his country and despite the public service which won him the award of Companion of St. Michael and St. George, Sevese Morea was perhaps best known to the people of PNG as a radio broadcaster.

He was one of the most successful and widely known of the Papua New Guinean broadcasters who were trained by the Australian Broadcasting Commission in pre-independence PNG.

He trained in Port Moresby with the ABC and later in Australia, returning to Port Moresby to a wide variety of on-air duties.

He was a quiz-master, a news reader, general announcer, interviewer and breakfast session anchor man on successive occasions over a period of more than 10 years. He was also one of the first Papua New Guineans to conduct public affairs interviews. He took over a number of PNG broadcasting functions which previously had been carried out only by Australians.

He later went into business in Port Moresby, but continued to do part-time broadcasting work.

He made two attempts before independence to enter parliament, but was narrowly defeated on each occasion. At one stage he was a United Party supporter when the party was the biggest single group in parliament, but it was not until 1977, in the first elections after independence, that he went into parliament on a Papua Besena ticket.

He was elected Speaker of Parliament early in 1980, and had given distinguished service to the position until he lost his seat in this year’s general election.

In a series of tributes to the part Sevese Morea played in PNG affairs, political leaders said he was one of the most able and important members of the post-independence parliament.

Sevese Morea was given a state funeral at Vabukori on the outskirts of Port Moresby on August 25. A PNG flag draped his coffin and PNG Defence Force buglers sounded the Last Post. Vabukori was his home area, and the entire village attended the funeral. The total number of people at the funeral exceeded 5000.

Tarcissius Bobola, a PNG journalist who described the funeral, said “The funeral was abundant in ritual, but its soul was in the hearts of the little people whose interests Sevese Morea always watched.”

The Prime Minister, Mr Somare, who was a mourner at the funeral, said PNG had suffered a great loss which was made the deeper because of the premature nature of Mr Morea’s death.

Alice Allen Innes At Castle Hill, Sydney, in April, aged 90.

Alice Innes was a woman of a great diversity of interests and experience. She never stayed within the mainstream, but constantly wandered off to explore its tributaries.

Bom in Hobart, her adolescent years were spent in Townsville.

A keen student of drama and ballet, she won a gold medal in the North Queensland Eisteddfod. Another winner was a fellow pupil, and her long-time friend, the famous Australian singer Gladys Moncrieff.

On leaving school she went to Fiji, joining the staff of the Colonial Hospital, Suva, in 1914.

Suva was the naval base of the Pacific during World War I.

Alice once nursed the famous German “Sea-Wolf”, Count Felix Von Luckner at the hospital.

Visiting Wakaya Island in 1917 she met Allen Innes. They were married in Sydney the following year. With the pneumonic influenza epidemic raging at the time, Alice volunteered for nursing service, and was appointed matron-in-charge of the Emergency Hospital, Granville, covering Sydney’s western districts. Teams of Boys Scouts were organised to collect the ill and dying from the outer areas, and transport them to the hospital on bicycle carts.

Alice returned to the islands 81 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982

Stay at Aggie Grey’s . . . the South Pacific’s legendary hotel.

Situated right in the heart of Western Samoa. Enjoy Polynesian-style friendliness and service, in cool surroundings, superb entertainment and food.

Magnificent white sand beaches only a short drive away. Airconditioned rooms, swimming pool and full bar facilities.

Bookings through Union Steamship Company ofNZ,Pan Am, Air New Zealand or direct to Aggie Grey’s, Apia, Western Samya. Cables: ‘AGGIES' Apia.

Jt- ♦ "1 PORT MOH * Right in business cep, * A traditiorl for comfort and/ine food * All airconditioned * Restaurant * Ba * Banquet hall <A. C. NEUMANN manager Phone 21-2622 . Cab^mnMhh Freely Given A true understanding of God's Word.

If you have been search ing for the true meaning, of the Scriptures this free monthly booklet is for you.

Write to God's Way P.O. Box 41, North Ryde, Australia 2113 REQUIRE

Dried Shark Fins

For Prices And

INFORMATION ETC.

PLEASE WRITE TO: S. DADDOW, ASIA TONGA TRADING, 7 KASAI ROAD,

Republic Of Singapore

2880.

Cable: "Asiatonga"

Explore Papua New Guinea

aboard the M.V. Melanesian Explorer .loin a small group of discerning passengers aboard the fully air-conditioned Melanesian Explorer.

Visit the mysterious Sepik River, including the lower, middle and upper Sepik. visit the villages, see the art, customs and culture of the people.

Visit the islands along the North Coast of Papua New Guinea, many of which have never been seen by tourists, including the outer islands of the Trobriand Islands.

Melanesian Tourist Services Pty Ltd.

P.O. Box 707. Madang. Papua New Guinea Tlx NE82707 Tel 822766 Melanesian Tourist Services For bookings or additional information, please contact your travel agent, or send this coupon to Melanesian.

NAME For full details write to: STREET

City State/Zip

PHONE(

Native Artefact

AUCTION Old and authentic Australian Aboriginal, Pacific Island, New Guinea, African, Asian and American pieces urgently required for our SPECIAL ARTEFACTS AUCTION to be held on November 28th 1982.

Catalogue closing date 30th October Enquiries: Olga Joura or Peter Groth JAMES R. LAWSON PTY. LTD. 212-218 Cumberland St, The Rocks Sydney 2000. Ph: (02) 241 3411 FOR SALE 40' freezer carrier, 550 cub. ft. fibreglass/ foam sandwich freezer box holds at minus 30° C. Main propulsion fully recond. Gardner 6LW. A.P.U. 2 cyl.

Lister. Full P.N.G. Survey. Good condition throughout.

MUST SELL. A 555,000 ONO Write to

Sariba Slipways

P.O. Box 11, Samarai, M.B.P. Papua New Guinea with her husband, a Bums Philp manager, in 1920, living on Rossel Island, Misima Island, Samarai, Port Moresby and Rabaul finally settling in Salamaua until her retirement to Australia in 1937.

A widely travelled woman and a professional writer, Alice’s writing career spanned a period of 60 years. Heather Barnard.

Sogo Sebea At Kila Kila, Port Moresby, in September, aged about 52.

A former Deputy Lord Mayor of Port Moresby, and Papua New Guinea Trade Commissioner in Sydney, Mr Sebea had been ill for about three months.

PNG’s Governor-General Sir Tore Lokoloko led more than 600 mourners who attended Mr Sebea’s funeral on September 10.

Dirk (Dick) M. Kamerling In Sydney of heart attack, aged 74.

A well-known Pacific trader for more than 30 years, Dick Kamerling founded the Demka company which introduced brand-name products such as Kawasaki, Daihatsu, Makita and Willem II to many Pacific countries.

He will be remembered for his selling methods, travelling through the islands with his many suitcases and typewriter, as well as for his sincere approach to business dealings with importers throughout the region.

David L. Griffiths In London in August, after a brief illness.

A former colonial civil servant and District Officer, Mr Griffiths served in Fiji during the 1950 s and worked in various districts, including Navua, Vunidawa, Nausori and Suva.

He was also a magistrate and worked during his time in Fiji with the Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, the Deputy Prime Minister Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, Sir Josua Rabukawaqa and Major Jesoni Takala, among others.

ADVERTISING Air Pacific 28 Air New Zealand 54 Aiwa 60 Aotea 44 Argo 67 Aust. Govt 4 AW A NZ 52 Bank Line 80 Bendigo Bearings 71 Besco Jarwil 66 China Navigation 79 Chloride Batteries 58 Citizen Watches 64 DeZurik 26 Gemmell Pring 55 Goodyear 12 Halabys 42 Healing 48 Henry Cumines 73 Honda 2 Hudson 67 ICI Tasman 38 Karlander 77 Komatsu 78 Kool 68 Laurle-Carpenter 14 Maritime College 55 Matsushita 6 McDonnell Douglas 8 Pioneer 16 Nelson and Rob 27 NZ Breweries 46 NZ Dairy 34 NZ Ship Corp 47 Overett 70 Pacific Pump 73 P.I.T. Line 76 P.M. and O. Lines 75 Polynesia Line 74 PTC 83 13 QBE Insurance 22 Renold 11 Sansui 30 Sofrana 36, 49 Soren Luno 52 S. Seas Digest 81 Suzuki 24, 83 Teac 10 Thorn 50 Timken 72 Toyota 84 Trio Kenwood 20 Tucker 39 Woodyard 40 82 PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY —OCTOBER, 1982 DEATHS of Islands People

SUZUKI— p rn fQR jyiANCE The name of r f L , ROUN P .. **•* SUZUKI prepared ZZpleasim. *»» boat and tfsss^ssss :c v .

VI V V SUZUKI pp« m; gk §| |lp^ SUZUKI I SUZUKI MOTOR CO, LTD Hamamatsu, Japan SUZUKI GENERATOR SEIBOQ ’^uT^£ A 9i F o9 7 S o UZI i KI DISTRIBUTORS LTD. PHONE: 58-599 • PAPUA NEW GUINEA HI SPEED DIESEL iloi aMn 6 D 7 u^ # K I ? J ii J,RA t NvJANS AUTOPORT LTD. PHONE: 381555 • TAHITI NIPPON AUTOMOTO PHONE: 2-98-15 * ISLAND PHONE: 565 • VANUATU HENRI LEROUX • NEW CALENDONIA STE. SUPERCAL PHONE: 272068 )UOMC* uc iz ooQQ a Kill 1C nI Inkio ni s ll n ■ tp\ a'■ ■f— n R^ LTD. lsland cyclery 2 ?nc.

K 1 T ona is om u side and on y, comfort-p beauty of o\ i durability and proven motoring and remarkal iat have earned Corolla Two of the main reasoi □rollas have been orodi rnc.

V TOYOTA mi* PAPUA NEW GUINEA: ELA MOTORS, Scratchley Rd., Badili, P.O. Box 675, Port Moresby.

Northern Marianas

& U.S.T.T.: MICROL CORPORATION, P.O. Box 267, Saipan.

FIJI: AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIES COMPANY, G.P.O. Box 355, Suva.

AMERICAN SAMOA;

Burns Philp

(SOUTHSEA) CO., LTD., P.O. Box 129, Pago Pago, WESTERN SAMOA:

Burns Philp

(SOUTHSEA) CO., LTD., P.O. Box 188, Apia.

Tonga: Burns Philp

(SOUTHSEA) CO., LTD., P.O. Box 55, Nukualofa.

Guam; Atkins, Kroll

(GUAM) LTD., P.O. Box 6428, Tamuning.

VANUATU.

VANUATU MOTORS, P.O. Box 18, Port Vila.

SOLOMON: MENDANA ENTERPRISES (5.1.) LTD., G.P.O. Box 174, Honiara.

Tahiti: Nippon

AUTOMOTO, B.P. 342, Papeete.

COOK ISLANDS:

Cook Islands

TRADING CORPORATION LTD., P.O. Box 92, Rarotonga.

NAURU;

Nauru Cooperative

SOCIETY.

KIRIBATI: TARAWA MOTORS, Box 36, Bairiki, Tarawa, Kiribati.

NORFOLK ISLAND: BORRY’S RENTAL CARS,

Mount Pitt

(ENTERPRISES) LTD., P.O. Box 169.

NEW CALEDONIA:

Service Importation

Automobile Du

PACIFIQUE, Rond-Pomt du Pacifique (Station Total) B.P. 438, Noumea. _____ „ TOYOTA SERVICE ■ TOYOTA The Toyota range includes: COROLLA, STARLET, CORONA, CRESSIDA, HI-LUX, STOUT, HI ACE, DYNA. COASTER and LAND CRUISER